PSYC 3325 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Green Bean, Reward System, Longitudinal Study
Aggression 4-12-18
Instrumental Aggression: aggression used as a means to an end (for the ending result, EX: killing for
money)
Emotional (hostile) aggression- aggression used as an end in itself (EX: acting out of vengeance, heat of
the moment)
--Animals act instrumentally, but can they have emotional aggression?
Sarah Brosman- looks at fairness in monkeys (capucha), green bean and grapes as reward system. The
monkey being rewarded with green beans and not grapes eventually acts out of jealousy and throws
greenbeans in experimenters face (emotional aggression- perceived unfairness)
--How is aggression measured?
Difficult because there are:
1. effects of being watched- a ot sho our true seles, ut it’s sho it a e possible
2. ethical issues
Video game shock study- competitor returning shock will be reduced to the previous opponents shock
BUT NOT if other person is gay and the one administering the shock is with a friend (both hetero)
Badura oo doll stud- see if kids will replicate adults
--What triggers aggression? Depends on type
Instrumental
A. Assessment of costs and rewards
B. Personal abilities (can I aggress effectively?)
C. Gender differences (men aggress more and also help more—feel more capable of doing both
effectively)
D. Ipat of Models E: if seeig a aggressie ehaior that’s puished kids ait ad the later
aggress more)
Study- grades 6-12 tracked them over 4 years and found that even over time men and boys relationally
aggress more than women
(Orpinas, Nicholas.. at University of Ga 2014, Journal of Aggressive Behavior)
Emotional it’s ot related to pereptios of osts ad reards
A. Perception of provocation/ intent to harm
B. Perceived controllability (how controllable we feel the other persons actions are)
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C. Personality differences
D. Frustration <frustration-aggression hypothesis >
E. Pain F. Fear
F. Unpleasant heat or painfully cold
G. Stressful noises I. Crowds J. Bad smells
Excitation transfer theory
Catharsis is a myth , meditate first then exercise
Cultural Differences in Aggressive Norms: Norms in mainstream U.S culture that promote aggression
A. The right to bear firearms and to use them (the more people endorse a norm the more
aggressive)
B. The norm of male aggression (conflicted, men are given a very narrow space = more aggression)
C. The norm of family privacy (the more nuclear the family, the more violence we see)
The Effects of Aggresssive Models
A. Makes violent behavior seem more appropriate
B. Makes people interpret ambiguous behaviors as more hostile, thus prompting retaliation
Aggressive Models in the Media: exposure to violent media DOES increase aggression (fear leads to
more aggression)
Answers from four research paradigms
1. Correlational studies
2. Experiments (kids violent movies for a week, then watched on playground (already
predisposed to violence))
3. Longitudinal studies (the more violence kids watched at 8 yrs old, the more likely to have
been convicted for violent crime by 30)
4. Archival Data analysis (Ex: tues night boxing matches—seeing someone defeated makes
you more effective in defeating)
IN Us, and elsewhere, there are norms against in-group aggression
a. How can we learn to extend these norms to outgroup members?
People are going to be more likely to model aggression if they see aggression performed by someone
ho as high status s lo status …
Needs to have construct validity.
. Hostile or foreful atio iteded to doiate or to iolate. Lefraois,
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Document Summary
Instrumental aggression: aggression used as a means to an end (for the ending result, ex: killing for money) Emotional (hostile) aggression- aggression used as an end in itself (ex: acting out of vengeance, heat of the moment) Sarah brosman- looks at fairness in monkeys (capucha), green bean and grapes as reward system. The monkey being rewarded with green beans and not grapes eventually acts out of jealousy and throws greenbeans in experimenters face (emotional aggression- perceived unfairness) Difficult because there are: effects of being watched- (cid:373)a(cid:455) (cid:374)ot sho(cid:449) our true sel(cid:448)es, (cid:271)ut it"s sho(cid:449)(cid:374) it (cid:272)a(cid:374) (cid:271)e possible. Video game shock study- competitor returning shock will be reduced to the previous opponents shock. But not if other person is gay and the one administering the shock is with a friend (both hetero) Ba(cid:374)dura (cid:862)(cid:271)o(cid:271)o doll(cid:863) stud(cid:455)- see if kids will replicate adults.
