NUR 239 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Microcirculation, Endothelium, Vasodilation
21 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
NUR 239/Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics in Nursing I
Unit 1/Intro to Pathophysiology
Complete the following study guide and submit on Reggie Net by the due date on the Course Calendar
1
Porth Chapter 3 – Inflammation, the Inflammatory Response, and Fever
Define the following terms:
▪ Acute Inflammation: early or almost immediate reaction of local tissues and their blood vessels to injury
▪ Chronic Inflammation: self-perpetuating and may last for weeks, moths, or even years
▪ Thermostatic set point: of the thermoregulatory center, is the level at which body temperature is regulated
so that core temperature is maintained within the normal range
Key Learning Objectives - Answer the follow questions (Porth Chapter 3)
▪ What is the suffix added to organs and tissues indicating an inflammatory condition?
o -itis
▪ What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
o Rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)
▪ Describe the stages of Acute inflammation. (see Understanding Acute inflammation p. 54-55)
o Two stages: vascular and cellular
▪ Vascular is characterized by increased blood flow (vasodilation) and structural changes
(increased permeability) that allow plasma protein to leave the circulation
• Changes that occur with arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the
microcirculation
• Changes begin almost immediately after injury and are characterized by
vasodilation and changes in blood flow followed by increases vascular
permeability and leakage of protein-rich fluid
• More in depth on page 53
▪ Cellular is involved the emigration of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) form the
microcirculation and their accumulation at the sire of injury or infection
• Marked by changes in the endothelial cells lining the vasculature and movement
of phagocytic leukocytes into the area of injury or infection
• Sequence of events: leukocyte (1) margination and adhesion (2) transmigration
(3) chemotaxis (4) activation and phagocytosis
• During early stages, signals between blood leukocytes and the endothelial cells
defines the inflammatory event and ensures arrest of the leukocytes along the
epithelium slowing the blood and leukocyte circulation
• More in depth on page 56
▪ Describe the local Manifestations of Inflammation. (p. 60)
o Local manifestations of acute inflammation, are determined by severity of the rxn, its specific
cause, and the site of involvement, can range from mild selling and redness to abscess formation
or ulceration
o Normal defense reaction inflammation can injure adjacent tissues
▪ Describe the characteristic of Chronic Inflammation.
o Self-perpetuating and may last for weeks, months, or even years
o May develop as a result of recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or from low-
grade, smoldering responses that fail to evoke an acute response
o Promotes and/or influences susceptibility to cancer by causing deoxyribonucleic acid damage,
inciting tissue reparative proliferation, and/or creating an environment that is enriched with
cytokines and growth factors that favor tumor development and growth
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Document Summary
Complete the following study guide and submit on reggie net by the due date on the course calendar. Porth chapter 3 inflammation, the inflammatory response, and fever. Complete the following study guide and submit on reggie net by the due date on the course calendar: how is acute and chronic inflammation differentiated, acute is self-limited and short duration. It also has two types (see above) and is either characterized by increased blood flow or involved in the emigration of leukocytes: chronic is self-perpetuating and may last for weeks, months, or even years. Key learning objectives - answer the follow questions (porth chapter 4: describe the proliferation capacity of tissues. Involves both epithelial cell regeneration and connective tissue scar formation and thus is illustrative of general principles; phases, heal via primary and secondary intention. Impaired inflammatory and immune responses: inflammatory and immune mechanisms function in wound healing, ex: those with diabetes mellitus.
