KNR 170 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Outdoor Recreation, Professional Certification, Intellectual Disability
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
KNR 170
Introduction to Leisure and Recreation
MWF 9am-9:50am
CHAPTER 9
Specialized Leisure Service Areas
Five categories of specialized service
oTherapeutic recreation
oArmed forces morale and welfare
oEmployee services
oCampus recreation
oPrivate membership groups
oTransitions from traditional to contemporary roles
Therapeutic Recreation Service
Early Development of Therapeutic Recreation
oHospitals and rehabilitation centers for people with physical disabilities
oHospitals for people with mental illness
oSpecial schools for those with developmental disabilities
Emerging Models of Therapeutic Recreation
oCustodial model
oMedical-clinical model
oTherapeutic milieu model
oEducation and training model
oCommunity model
National Therapeutic Recreation Society Comprehensive Definition
oComprehensive approach includes three services:
Therapy
Leisure Education
Recreation Participation
Expansion of Therapeutic Recreation
oWidespread growth in 1970s and 1980s
oExpansion included:
Hospitals
Nursing homes and long-term care facilities
Schools or residential centers for people with developmental disabilities
Schools, treatment centers, or penal institutions related to corrections
Residential centers for older adults
Centers for physical medicine and rehabilitation
Programs provided by public recreation and park agencies
Programs provided by voluntary agencies
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Aftercare and other supportive environments to people with disabilities
with community living
Contrasting Emphasis in Therapeutic Recreation
oRecognition that leisure ability model did not apply all present-day practice—
especially in clinical settings
oAmerican Therapeutic Recreation Association formed in 1984 as independent
organization
Recreation Therapy as Treatment
oTherapeutic model designed to carry out individualized goals of rehabilitation
oPractice has become more sophisticated
oBody of research knowledge expanded
oTreatment protocols developed
oUniversity curriculums have become broader in scope
oMore populations served
oNational Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification established in 1981 to
oversee professional certification
oFirst certification exam given in 1990
oATRA developed standards of practice to guide delivery and management of TR
services in 1991
Leisure Ability Model
Based on assumption that leisure involvement is necessary part of the human experience
Recognized people with disabilities have unique needs related to recreation including
disability-related and environmental barriers
Shift to Special Recreation in Community Settings
Growing concern about lack of services in community settings
Related to deinstitutionalization of people with mental illness and mental retardation in
1960s and 1970s
Emergence of special recreation— segregated programming to meet specific needs of
people with disabilities
Inclusive recreation—broader term implying equal and joint participation
Expansion of Sports and Outdoor Rec for People with Disabilities
Expanded participation of those with disabilities
Multisport organizations
oWheelchair Sports, USA
oSpecial Olympics
Outdoor recreation programs
Adapted activities to serve broader audiences
Use of Technology and Assistive Devices
Modified instruments and equipment allow participation in various activities
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Improvements to recreation games and equipment
oExamples include:
Railings for bowling
Guide ropes for running
Prosthetics
oTechnological advances
oEX: Aerodynamic wheelchairs for racing
Cooperative Networks of Agencies
Special Recreation Associations (SRAs)
Southeast Consortium for Special Services
State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities
New Emphasis on Inclusion:
oInvolvement and full acceptance of people with disabilities in a range of
community settings
oRequires facilities, equipment, and staff
Impact of Health-Care Management Trends
Reduction in Medicare funding and efforts to reduce insurance costs may lead to
reduction of TR services
Some nursing homes have reduced services, including TR, to cut costs
Examples of Efficacy Research:
oIncreased emphasis on evaluation
oDocumentation of positive outcomes
oEstablish therapeutic recreation as a meaningful, relevant field
Armed Forces Recreation
Goals and Scope of Armed Forces Recreation Today
oEnhance physical and mental well-being of service men and women
oFitness, cohesion, family well-being, quality of life, recreation awareness, and
outreach
oProvides programming for soldiers deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom,
Operation Enduring Freedom, and operations in Balkans
oSeveral million patrons served each year
Program Elements
oFitness programs
oOutdoor rec
oFamily Rec
oCommunity relations
oResorts
Fiscal Support of Armed Forces Recreation
oAppropriated funding
Funding approved by Congress
oNon-Appropriated funding
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find more resources at oneclass.com
