Chemistry CHEM S-20ab Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Lithium Aluminium Hydride, Diisobutylaluminium Hydride

Observations In columns 3 and 4, record the color and intensity seen. In columns 5 and 6, determine if the substance is an acid or a base, and if the substance is ionic. For the last column, determine which chemical species is acting as an acid or base.

Please note here if any of the other starting materials is other than a clear, colorless solution.

PART 5: Mini-Experiments

1. Use BTB to classify four household products as acidic or basic. Possible substances to test include home cleaning products, glass cleaner, liquid detergent, bleach, soft drinks, liquid from food items, etc. Remember to:

a. Hypothesis (What you think will happen and why) or purpose:

b. Method used to test your hypothesis:

c. Data and Observations Put your data and observations in the space below. You can include pictures that you “draw.”

d. Conclusions

2. Find one common, highly colored substance that can be used as an acid-base indicator.

Possible substances include fruit/vegetable juice or products, inks, food coloring, flower

petals, etc. If using fresh fruit, veggies, or flowers, crush the substance with a little water or

rubbing alcohol to extract the colored pigments. If red cabbage is available, it makes a superb

acid-base indicator. Then use a few drops of the colored extract as the indicator. Test four

more household products using the freshly made acid-base indicator. Remember to:

a. State a hypothesis or purpose.

b. State the testing method.

c. Use the prepared indicator to test four substances known to be acids or bases from either the LabPaq or home materials and record results.

d. State conclusions in terms of the hypothesis or purpose.

Questions

A. Review the substances used in Part 1. Determine whether each substance contains an acid or a base based on the BTB results. Place answers to this question in column 6 of Data Table 1.

B. Review the responses to Question 3. The anion that is produced in the dissociation of the compound goes on to react with the water. Identify the anion product in each reaction. Place the formulas for these species into column 7 of Data Table 1. If the substance is not ionic and thus does not dissociate, then list the substance in column 7, just as it appears in column 1.

C. For each ionic species in Data Table 1, write the equation showing the dissociation of the compound in water. Hint: there’s one for each line provided below.

a. NaHCO3 Ã Na

+ HCO3

Review the responses to Question 3. The anion that is produced in the dissociation of the compound goes on to react with the water. Identify the anion product in each reaction. Place the formulas for these species into column 7 of Data Table 1. If the substance is not ionic and thus does not dissociate, then list the substance in column 7, just as it appears in column 1.

D. Write the reaction of each acid or base the substance listed in column 7 with water.

Acids: Bases:

a) HCO - + H-OH Ã H CO

+ OH-

3 2 3

1. What is produced in each and every reaction of an acid with water?

2. What is produced in each and every reaction of a base with water?

E. Review the results in Data Table 2. For each reaction mixture, write the reaction equation describing the acid/base neutralization reaction:

2) 2NaOH + H2SO4 Ã 2H2O + Na2SO4

F. Define the term “neutralization” and provide an example of a neutralization equation. List the three ways used in this lab to detected neutralization.

G. Define the term “salt,” and provide an example.

H. Review Data Table 3. What happened when the two chemicals were mixed? What indicates that conclusion? What reaction took place?

I. Review Data Table 4. What happened when the solution mixtures on the glass slide were heated? Describe the process that took place.

J. In Part 4, for HCl + NaOH, what is left on the slide after heating? Provide the formula. What is the common name of this substance?

1. Which of the following reagent(s) can be used to prepare a mixture of o and p-nitro toluene from toluene

(A) HNO₂ (B) HNO₃ (C) HNO₃/Fe (D) HNO₃/H₂SO₄ (E) NaNO₂

2.

(A) H₂SO₃ (B) SO₃/ Which of the following reagent(s) can be used to convert nitrobenzene to m-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid Fe (C) H₂SO₃/Fe (D) H₂SO₄/Al₂(SO₄)₃ (E) H₂SO₄.SO₃

3. Which of the following reagent(s) can be used to prepare bromobenzene from benzene

(A) NBS (B) Br₂/FeBr₃ (C) H₂SO₄/Br₂ (D) Br₂/AlBr₃ (E) Br₂/Pd

4. Which of the following functional groups are o,p-directing ?

(A) Br, CH₂CH₃, NH₂ (B) Cl, NH₂, COOH (C) I, SO₃H, OH (D) OCH₃, Cl, COCH₃ (E) NO₂, CH₃, OH

5. Which of the following reagent(s) gives the reaction below

(A) CH₃Cl (B) Cl₂/ Fe (C) Cl₂/ AlCl₃ (D) Cl₂/ FeCl₃ (E) Cl₂/ HCl

6. Friedal-Craft acylation reagent(s)

(A) CH₃Cl/AlCl₃ (B) Cl₂/CH₃COCl (C) CH₃COCl/AlCl₃ (D) CH₃COCl/FeCl₃ (E) CH₃Cl/FeCl₃

7. Which of the following functional groups are m-directing ?

(A) NO₂, CH₃, OH (B) Br, NH₂, COOH (C) I, SO₃H, OH (D) OCH₃, Cl, COCH₃ (E) COCH_3, SO₃H, CHO

8. Which of the following compound can be used in the Diels-Alder reaction

(A) 2-methyl, 2,4-hexadiene (B) 2,5-hexadiene (C) 1-methyl,cyclohexa-1,4-diene (D) cyclohexa-1,4-diene

(E) 2-methyl, 1,5-hexadiene

9. Which statement about benzene is incorrect?

(A) The C�C p - bonding is delocalized (B) The C₆ ring is planar (C) The average C - C bond distance is the same as C-C double bonds (D) Each C atom is sp² hybridized ( E ) There are 12 s (sigma) bonds in benzene

10. Which of the following is NOT aromatic

(A) Cyclopropenyl cation (C₃H₃⁺) (B) Benzene (C₆H₆) (C) [16]-Annulene (C₁₆H₁₆)

(D) Cycloheptatrienyl cation (C₇H₇⁺) (E) [18]-Annulene (C₁₈H₁₈)

11. Conjugate addition of one equivalent of deuterium bromide (DBr) to 1,3-butadiene gives

(A) 3-bromo, 4-deutero, 1-butene (B) 3-bromo, 4-deutero, 2-butene (C) 4-bromo, 3-deutero, 1-butene (D) 1-bromo, 4-deutero, 2-butene (E) 1-bromo, 4-deutero, 1-butene

12. Which of the following is a conjugated diene

(A) cyclopentadiene (B) 2-methylcyclohexanone (C) 1-methyl,cyclohexa-1,4-diene (D) cyclohexa-1,4-diene

(E) cycloocta-1,5-diene

13. The aromatic compound is

14. Which of the following reaction involves a benzyne mechanism ?

(A) Ph-CH₃ ? Ph-COOH (B) Ph-CH₃ ? Ph-CHO (C) Ph-OH ? Ph-Cl (D) Ph-Cl ? Ph-OH

(E) none of these

15. Which of the following reagent(s) can be used to prepare a mixture of o and p-nitro toluene from

toluene

(A) HNO₂ (B) HNO₃ (C) HNO₃/Fe (D) HNO₃/H₂SO₄ (E) NaNO₂

16. Friedal-Craft alkyation reagent(s)

(A) C₂H₅Cl/AlCl₃ (B) Cl₂/CH₃COCl (C) CH₃COCl/AlCl₃ (D) CH₃COCl/FeCl₃ (E) CH₃Cl/FeCl₃

17. Which of the following functional groups are o,p-directing ?

(A) NO₂, SO₃H, CHO (B) Br, NH₂, COOH (C) I, OH, CH₃ (D) OCH₃, Cl, COCH₃ (E) COCH_3, SO₃H, Br

18. Major product in the reaction of benzene with 1-bromopropane, in the presence of AlBr₃ catalyst

(A) bromobenzene (B) n-propylbenzene (C) iso-propylbenzene (D) o-bromo-n-propylbenzene

(E) p-bromo-n-propylbenzene

19. Which of the following is the electrophile in the nitration reaction

(A) ⁺HNO₂ (B) NO₂⁺ (C) N₂+ (D) HNO₃/H₂SO₄ (E) NO₃⁺

20. Which of the following is the electrophile in the sulfonation reaction

(A) ⁺HSO₂ (B) SO₂⁺ (C) SO₃⁺ (D) SO₃/H₂SO₄ (E) HSO₃⁺

21. Which of the following is the electrophile in the Friedel-Craft acylation reaction

(A) RCO₂⁺ (B) RCO⁺ (C) CO₂⁺ (D) RX/H₂SO₄ (E) RCO₃⁺

22. The benzyne intermediate has �� p bonds

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

23. The reagent used for Allylic/benzylic bromination is:

(A) NBS (B) Br₂/ Fe (C) Br₂/ AlBr₃ (D) Br₂/ FeBr₃ (E) Br₂/ HBr

24. Which of the following is an oxidation reagent

(A) H₂SO₄ (B) KMnO₄ (C) KMnO₂ (D) NaBH₄ (E) AlCl₃

25. The formula of fuming sulfuric acid

(A) H₂SO_4.SO₃ (B) H₂SO_4.SO₂ (C) H₂SO_4.HSO₂ (D) H₂SO_4.HSO₃ (E) H₂SO_4.SO

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26. How do you prepare the following compounds, starting from benzene ?

(a). aniline (b). Iodo benzene (c). benzoic acid (d). benzylbromide (e). m-methyl benzoic acid

(f). p-nitrobenzoic acid (g) m-nitrobenzoic acid (h). p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid (i). m-chlorobenzenesulfonic

acid (j) 3-isopropyl benzoic acid (k). 4-isopropyl toluene

27. Draw the product(s) from the following reactions showing the mechanisms

(a) 1,3-butadiene with acrylonitrile

(b) 1,3-butadiene with one eqv. HBr

(c) 1,3-cyclohexadiene with acrylonitrile

(d) 1,3-cyclohexadiene with one eqv. HBr

(e) 1,3-cyclohexadiene with two eqv. HBr

(f) cyclopentadiene with two eqv. HBr

28. How do you prepare the following compounds, starting from toluene ?

(a). benzoic acid (b). benzyl alcohol (c). m-bromobenzoic acid (d). m-methylbenzoic acid (e). m-nitro

benzoic acid (f). p-nitrobenzoic acid

29. What is/are the product(s) expected when ethylbenzene is reacted with

(a). NBS

(b). Br₂/FeBr₃

(c). KMnO₄, then H⁺

(d). fuming H₂SO₄

(e). NBS, then aq. NaOH

(f) iso-butylbromide/AlBr₃

HERE IS HOW THIS IS GOING TO WORK! IF YOU ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IWILL GIVE YOU THE 3K POINTS + MORE AFTER I REPOST IT.

2. The amount of heat involved in the synthesis of 1 mole of acompound from its elements, with all substances in their standardstates at 25*C, is called _________.

3. What is a valid unit for specific heat?

4. Use Hess's Law to find the heat of reaction in the examplebelow.

N2O4 (g) ----> 2NO2 (g)

Given that:

N2O4 (g) ----> N2 (g) + 2O2 (g) (Delta H =-9.7kJ)

2NO2 (g) ----> 2O2(g) + N2(g) ( Delta H= -67.7kJ)

5. Use Hess's Law to find the heat of reaction in the examplebelow. (Example doesn't exist btw.)

6. (Delta H) for the formation of rust (Fe2O3) is -826 kJ/mol. Howmuch energy is involved in the formation of 5 grams ofrust?

7. How many kilocalories of heat are required to raise thetemperature of 50g of aluminum from -5*C to 35*C? (Specific heat ofAluminum = 0.21 cal/g*C)

8.Calculate the (Delta H) for this reaction:

Zn(s) + Cu (2+ ion)(aq) ---> Zn(2+) + Cu(s)

(Delta H) for Cu(2+) = +64.4 kJ/Mol; (Delta H) for Zn(2+) = -152.4kJ/mol

9. The following equation shows the reaction that occurs whennitroglycerine explodes.

4C3H5O9N3 ----> 12CO2 + 6N2 + O2 +10H2O + 1725 Kcal

Is this reaction exothermic , endothermic, a combustion reaction ,or a combination reaction?

10. What does it mean for ammonia, (NH3) to have a (Delta H f) =-46 kJ/mol?

(for example: Define heat of formation. What does a negative heatof formation mean? what do the units of kJ/mol mean?)

11. What is the maximum amount of KCl that can dissolve in 500g ofwater?

(solubility of KCl is 34 g/ 100g of water at 20*C)

12.List the ways(operations) that can help make a substancedissolve faster in a solvent?

13. If a crystal added to an aqueous solution causes many particlesto come out of solution, the original solution was (saturate,unsaturated, supersaturated).

14. What is the number of moles of solute in 165 mL of a 0.82 Msolution?

15. What mass of NaCl is needed to make 350 mL of a 1.00 Msolution?

16. Colligative properties depend upon...

17. If one mole of each of these solutes in added to the sameamount of water, which solution has the highest boiling point?(glucose, aluminum sulfate, magnesium acetate, copper (I)chloride)

18. When an acid reacts with a base, what compounds areformed?

19. If the [H+] in a solution is 1x10^(-13) mol/L, what is the[OH-]?

20. If the [OH-] = 1x10^-6 mol/L, what is the pH of thesolution?

21. For a solution to be considered acidic what must be thehydrogen-ion concentration?

22. Which of the following represents a Bronsted-Lowry conjugateacid-base pair?

a) SO3(2-) and SO2 b) CO3(2-) and CO c) H3O and H2 d) NH4(+) and NH3

23. With solutions of "strong" acids and "strong" bases, the word"strong" refers to ...

24. What are the products of Al(OH)3 + H2CO3?

25.What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid if 5.0 mL of acidis neutralized by 30.0 mL of 2.00M sodium hydroxide.

26. At equilibrium, what is the rate of production of reactantscompared with the rate of production of products?

27. What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction2SO3 ---> 2SO2 + O2

28. How does an increase in pressure affect the following reaction?2SO3 (g) --> 2SO2(g) +O2(g)

29.What stresses would shift the reaction to the right?

2SO3(g) ==> 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

30. The Keq of a reaction 4.9 x 10^(-7). Are products or reactantsfavored at equilibrium?

31. In which of these systems is the entropy decreasing?

a) air escaping from a tire b) snow melting c) a gas condensing d) salt dissolving inwater

32. If an atom is reduced in a redox reaction, what must occur toanother atom in the system?

33. Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: 2Na + S---> Na2S

34. What are transferred in an oxidation -reductionreaction?

35. Give the oxidation number for each atom in KMnO4.

36. Which atom has a change in oxidation number of +4 in thefollowing reaction?

K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S ----> KOH + Cr2O3 +SO2

37. What is the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the following:

a. SO3 c.SO2(2-)

b. Na2SO4 d. S2O4 (2-)

38.Fe(3+) ----> Fe represents oxidation, reduction, orhydrolysis?

39. When the half reactions Br2+ 2e- -----> 2Br- and Na---->e- + Na(+) are combined the balanced redox equation is_____________________ ( WRITE the BALANCED REDOX eq)

40. To balance the oxygen and hydrogen for a redox reaction thattakes place in basic solution, it is necessary to use whichsubstance?

41. What particle completes this nuclear equation? 55/25 Mn + 2/1 H====> _____ +2 1/0 n

42. The half-life of tungsten-182 (182/74 W) is 1.1x10^(17) years.How long would it take for a 376.2 kg sample to decay until only123.0 grams remain?

43. After 3 days, the quantity of certain radioisotope is reducedfrom 13.6 grams to 1.9 grams. Calculate the half-life of theisotope.

44. What is the name of the compound having the formulaC8H18.

45. What is the name of the following compound:

O

//

CH3---CH2----CH---CH2--C

I \

CH3 OH

46. What is an isomer? Give an isomer of hexane (C6H14) and drawit's structure.

47. What is the name of the hydrocarbons with double covalentbonds?

48. Draw the stucture for 3-methylbutanoic acid.

49. Draw the structure for methylbenzene?

50. What is the name of the following compound:

Br

|

CH3----C-----CH3

|

CH3