BISC 1112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Ribosomal Rna, Polyadenylation, Transfer Rna

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8 May 2018

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Quiz 3 (1) Transcription, Translation, Reprise BISC 1115

• Transcription  Post-Transcriptional Processing  Amino Acid Activation  Translation

o (1) Transcription- transcription of DNA to make RNA; transcription of DNA makes

complementary mRNA, rRNA, and tRNAs

o (2) Post-Transcriptional Processing of mRNA. Occurs after RNA is transcribed from DNA

template

▪ 1) Poly-A tail is added to 3’ end and a 5’-cap-

▪ 2) Introns are cut out of the RNA transcript

▪ 3) RNA exons are spliced/joined in the nucleus

o (3) Amino Acid Activation- attachment to transfer RNA. E/a amino acid is attached to its

appropriate tRNA by an Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme

▪ Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase-

▪ Process of attaching an amino acid to its appropriate tRNA by the respective

aminoacyl-tRNA synthase uses energy (ATP)  releasing adenosine mono

phosphate (AMP) and 2 high energy phosphates

▪ Insertion of the amino-acyl-tRNA in the A site of the ribosome uses energy from

GTP  releasing GDP and 1 high energy phosphate

▪ Also, movement of the tRNA from the A site to the P site used one more GTP

o (4) Translation of mRNA to make a protein. Translation of the code in mRNA in a

ribosome assembles amino acids to make a protein. The anti-code in the tRNA translates the

code in the mRNA

Practice Questions

• Where is H-bonding involved in translation?

• Codons are part of the molecular structure of ____? (mRNA)

• Anti-codons are part of the molecular structure of ___? (tRNA)

• What is the mechanism of information transfer in eukaryotes?

o A) DNA from a single gene is replicated and transferred to the cytoplasm where it serves as a

template for protein synthesis

o B) mRNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in

the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place

o C) Proteins transfer information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where protein synthesis

takes place

o D) tRNA takes information from DNA directly to a ribosome, where protein synthesis takes

place

• Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes?

o A) Post-transcriptional splicing

o B) concurrent transcription and translation

o C) Translation in the absence of a ribosome

o D) Gene regulation

• Slide 22-1, 24-1, 26-1, - possible sequence

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Document Summary

Bisc 1115: transcription post-transcriptional processing amino acid activation translation (1) transcription- transcription of dna to make rna; transcription of dna makes complementary mrna, rrna, and trnas (2) post-transcriptional processing of mrna. Insertion of the amino-acyl-trna in the a site of the ribosome uses energy from. Gtp releasing gdp and 1 high energy phosphate: also, movement of the trna from the a site to the p site used one more gtp (4) translation of mrna to make a protein. Translation of the code in mrna in a ribosome assembles amino acids to make a protein. The anti-code in the trna translates the code in the mrna.

Related Questions

22. What is probably the single most important distinction between bacteria and eukaryotes?

a. transcription

b. the separation of the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm

c. the existence of ribosomes

d. RNA processing in bacteria

e. antibiotics

23. Which one does NOT characterize an open reading frame (ORF)

a. Uses six reading frames during translation

b. Contains a start codon

c. Contains a stop codon

d. Its length is in multiples of 3 nucleotides

e. It should have the number of codons for a protein or on average ~250 codons in length.

24. Nested intronic genes lie within the non-coding intronic region of a larger gene, and occur in the human genome.

a. True

b. False

25. How would you characterize this statement: EF-Tu will hydrolyze GTP only if the codon:anticodon & tRNA:amino acid matchings are correct

a. Transcription; initiation steps

b. Transcription; termination steps

c. Translation: initiation steps

d. Tanslation: elongation steps

e. Spliceosome

26. Regarding the transcription unit architecture of the Escherichia coli genome, which one is FALSE?

a. Each of the 4,661 transcription units comprised an average of 1.1 modular units.

b. 3,010 transcription units (~65%) are monocistronic.

c. 1,652 transcription units (35%) contain more than one ORF (polycistronic)

d. The largest transcription unit is equivalent to 16 ORFs with numerous introns.

e. 398 transcription units (~9%) are nested within each other in opposite transcriptional orientation

27. Regarding RNA interference (RNAi), which one is FALSE?

a. It is a common and conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells.

b. Originally discovered in bacteria and plant viruses.

c. A form of primitive immunity to protect the genome.

d. Pre microRNA (miRNA) genes have been found in introns.

e. Recent research shows that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in mammals.

28. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

a. Recognize the 3âUTR

b. The genes for these enzymes fall into the family of inducible genes

c. The enzymes are imported into the nucleus

d. Covalently attaches an amino acid to the appropriate tRNA. This takes place in the cytoplasm.

e. Forms the peptide bond during protein synthesis

29. What is the process by which complementary RNAs are made from a DNA template?

a. translation

b. transcription

c. protein synthesis

d. transduction

e. transliteration

cyanbee225

1. The Pribnow Box is a

A. attenuator

B. enhancer

C. promoter

D. operator

2. Which of the following do not occur during post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes?

A. the splicing of introns

B. addition of a poly-A at the 3' end

C. removal of introns

D. addition of a 7-methyl guanosine cap at the 5' end

3. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds at

A. a promoter

B. an operator

C. the oriC locus

D. an enhancer

4. The Central Dogma in genetics describes

A. the pattern of information flow in the cell

B. the pattern of chromosomal inheritance in populations

C. the role of mutations in disease

D. the role of promoters

5. Which of the following sequences of DNA could code for a stem-loop structure (only the template strand is shown)?

A. 3'--G-G-C-C-C-T-T-G-G-A-A-A-A-C-C-A-A-G-G-G-C-C--5'

B. 3'--G-G-C-C-C-T-T-G-G-A-A-A-A-G-G-T-T-C-C-C-G-G--5'

C. 3'--G-G-C-C-C-T-T-G-G-T-T-T-T-G-G-C-C-C-T-T-G-G--5'

D. none of the above

6. Removal of introns from RNA is by

A. primosomes

B. peptidases

C. galactosidases

D. spliceosomes

7. Which of the following represents the units for measuring the rate of sedimentation of a molecule/organelle in a sucrose gradient?

A. molecular weight

B. Svedberg units

C. map units

D. Daltons

8. During transcription, which strand is not read by the RNA polymerase?

A. coding strand

B. noncoding strand

C. template strand

D. terminator strand

9. The function of the rho protein is

A. to help terminate translation

B. to help RNA polymerase bind to the DNA

C. to help RNA polymerase find a promoter

D. to help terminate transcription

10. The unusual bases found in transfer RNAs

A. are added during transcription

B. are normal bases that have been modified after transcription

C. help the tRNAs to bind to DNA

D. ensure that the tRNA stays linear in solution

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

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BISC 1112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Ribosomal Rna, Polyadenylation, Transfer Rna

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