BIOL 3755 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Catecholamine, Exercise Intensity, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

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coralpanda603

31 Aug 2020

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Can"t utilize oxygen anymore at cross (anaerobic threshold) Hormones regulate metabolism during exercise: conversion of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids, cortisol, catecholamines, gh, convert live glycogen raises plasma glucose levels, glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol. Insulin secretion suppressed during exercise: cells other than muscle fibers reduce glucose uptake, actively contracting muscle cells do not require insulin for glucose uptake. Insufficient oxygen supply: ability of cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen. Increased rate and depth of breathing: exercise hyperventilation feedforward signals from motor cortex and sensory feedback from peripheral receptors, carotid and aortic chemoreceptors, proprioceptors from joints. Baroreceptor reflex adjusts to exercise: theories, signals from motor cortex reset baroreceptor threshold, afferent neurons are blocked by presynaptic inhibition, muscle chemoreceptors (postulated) are sensitive to metabolites. Feedforward response: proprioreceptors in muscle and joints motor cortex descending signals to, exercising muscles, etc. Temperature regulation: heat released by metabolism creates challenge to homeostasis, sweating evaporative cooling, problems: dehydration and reduced blood volume.

Related Questions

Exercise Pharmacology

Chapter 1

1. Distinguish between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology.

2. How would you determine a drugâs doseâresponse curve?

3. What is meant by drug efï¬cacy? Potency?

4. How would you determine equipotent doses for two drugs of the same class?

5. What features of a drugâs action may make its pharmacokinetic properties more sensitive to exercise?

6. How might a drugâs volume of distribution be altered in the case of a person who is obese? A person who is elderly?

7. How might you explain an antagonist with partial agonist activity?

8. What are some of the ways that taking a second drug can affect the activity of the ï¬rst drugâor either drug?

Chapter 2

1. Bill is 60 years old and in reasonable shape. Working out on an elliptical machine, Bill sees that his heart rate is 135 bpm. Can you determine his ap-proximate exercise intensity without hooking him to a metabolic cart? What is he primarily burning for energy?

2. Your mother asks your advice about starting an exercise program. She is in pretty good health, but wants to drop some weight besides improving her cardiovascular health. What kind of exercise plan would you recommend to get her started? How would you explain to her the beneï¬ts of such a plan? After the initial couple of weeks, would you recommend any changes that might help her with her long-term ï¬tness goals?

3. Compare and contrast the three major muscle ï¬ber types in terms of their metabolism and fuel preference.

4. You are a graduate student working in an exercise physiology lab. You see a claim in a bodybuilding magazine about a supplement that rapidly increases power, strength, and muscle mass. How would you set up an experiment to test whether these claims are true?

5. Obesity is now considered by some to be reaching epidemic proportions. What is contributing to this trend, and what can be done?

Chapter 3

1. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

2. What is meant by allostatic load, and how does it differ from stressing over a single test?

3. Explain three ways drugs can affect the signals transmitted by nerve cells.

4. How might exercise lessen the effects of stress?

5. Describe some of the theories that attempt to explain the bodyâs paradoxical response to exercise.

6. What are the key physiological changes that occur during the ï¬ght or ï¬ight response? How do they help in survival?

Chapter 4

1. What is meant by âbeta-blockers with ISAâ? What advantages might these drugs have? Disadvantages?

2. What property makes some beta-blockers cardio selective?

3. What are the effects of beta-blockers on exercise physiology?

4. A serious walker (5 miles/day) notices that she has stopped losing weight since starting her new prescription of propranolol (non-cardio selective, without ISA). She also fatigues more quickly than she used to. What can you offer her as an explanation?

5. The NCAA and USOC have banned beta-blockers from many types of com-petition. Why?

Chapter 5

1. Bill, a deconditioned, recently divorced 50-something exec driving that new BMW, wants to drop some weight and look good. He has high blood pressure. What kind of exercise regime would you recommend?

2. Why do calcium channel blockers mostly affect smooth muscle, with little effect on skeletal muscle?

3. How do calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

4. Mary enjoys running and likes to compete in 10K races and half marathons. She also is diagnosed with high blood pressure. What are her options for regulating her blood pressure while maintaining a training schedule and remaining competitive?

5. How do ACE inhibitors affect blood pressure?

6. How do ARBs affect blood pressure?

brownalpaca148

EAP HW 23 â Metabolism and Energetics AND Urinary system

1) Define nutrients

2) Provide 6 examples of nutrients

3) Define energetics

4) Define metabolism

5) Define catabolism

6) Define anabolism

7)Provide 4 basic reasons why cells synthesize new organic components

8)Summarize the best way to carbohydrate load before an endurance sport.

9) Why do we need cholesterol?

10) My sister has high cholesterol levels but eats little cholesterol. How can this be?

11) What is a normal level of cholesterol?

12) Define low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) AND why are they considered âbad cholesterolâ

13) Define high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) AND why are they considered âgood cholesterolâ

14) Define ketosis

15) Define ketoacidosis

16) Why can a diabetic display ketoacidosis?

17) Define nutrition

18) Do you think itâs odd that the Department of Agriculture is telling you what to eat? Explain.

19) Vegans (vegetarians who avoid all animal products) face a significant problem because vitamin _________ can be obtained only from animal products, or from fortified cereals or tofu.

20) Define minerals

21) Define vitamins

Urinary system

22) Provide the 3 major functions of the urinary system

23)Define nephron

24) Provide 3 functions of the nephron

25) Define reabsorption along the renal tubule

26) Define secretion along the renal tubule

27) Summarize how kidney failure is treated

28) Define incontinence

29) Can infants control their urine before 2 years old? Explain.

30) Define stress incontinence

31) Provide 7 age-related changes to the urinary system

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21. Aerobic training would decrease submaximalheart rate, which is beneficial for aerobic performance because

a. it saves energy used by heart beats.

b. it gives longer time for ventricular filling.

c. a and b.

d. None of above.

22. Aerobic training would ________ anaerobicpower during maximal exercise.

a. delay onset of

b. facilitate onset of

c. rely on

23. Compared to untrainedindividuals, trained endurance athletes have

a. higher maximal heartrates.

b. higher resting cardiacoutputs.

c. higher resting heartrates.

d. higher maximal strokevolumes.

24. What is the likely outcome oflow volume, low intensity training?

a. increased aerobiccapacity

b. increased anaerobiccapacity

c. increased aerobic andanaerobic capacity

d. little improvement in eitheraerobic or anaerobic capacity

25. Which of the followingstatements explaining the increase in SV after aerobic training iscorrect?

a. reload, contractility, andafterload increase

b. preload, contractility, andafterload decrease

c. preload and contractilityincrease, afterload decreases

d. preload decreases,contractility and afterload increase

26. When motor units contract moresynchronously,

a. muscles cannot sustainsteady forces anymore

b. muscles increase the rate offorce development

c. the ability to generateforce is impeded

d. a single motor neuron nowinnervates several motor units

27. In general, whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans most likely resultsfrom

a. mostly fiberhyperplasia

b. entirely fiberhyperplasia

c. mostly fiberhypertrophy

d. equal contributions of fiberhypertrophy and fiber hyperplasia

28. Overload can be achieved by

a. increasing intensity.

b. increasing recovery time.

c. a certain type of training.

d. All of above.

29. Resistance training increases forceproduction by

a. neural adaptation followed by intramuscular adaptation.

b. intramuscular adaptation followed by neural adaptation.

c. simultaneous neural and intramuscular adaptation.

30. Training causesan increase in stroke volume due to all of the following except

a. increased filling time.

b. increased left ventricular volume.

c. increased cardiac and arterial stiffness.

d. improved intrinsic contractile function.

31. The risk of DOMS after a giventraining session can be reduced by which trainingstrategy?

a. train at high intensity withboth resistance and anaerobic training components

b. train with primarily intenseeccentric exercise

c. reduce eccentric componentof muscle action

d. employ more downhillexercise in the training program

32. After anaerobic training, thecross-sectional areas of ______ are larger than before thetraining.

a. type I fibers

b. type II fibers

c. type I and type IIfibers

33. Aerobic training would cause __________cardiac hypertrophy, which is increased ______________.

a. concentric, the diameter of left ventricle.

b. eccentric, the diameter of left ventricle.

c. concentric, the wall thickness.

d. eccentric, the diameter and wall thickness of leftventricle.

34. InFartlek training, ___________ is changed based on

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BIOL 3755 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Catecholamine, Exercise Intensity, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

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