CHM-1020C Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Globular Protein, Blood Plasma, Red Blood Cell
29 Aug 2016
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Tuesday, August 2, 2016
Lecture 12
Identifying the Suspect: Part 2
-Blood
-Vehicle for oxygen transport from lungs to tissues
-transports major organic nutrients from the intestine (where they are absorbed)
to the liver (where they are processed) and ultimately to the other organs
-Conveys organic waste products and excess mineral ions to the kidney for
excretion
-transports hormones and other chemical messengers from various endocrine
glands to their specific target organs
-contains cells and antibody proteins that defend against disease
-The human vascular system contains about 5 to 6 liters of blood. Nearly one-half its
volume consists of cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes), which transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide, and much smaller numbers of white blood cells (leukocytes), and blood
platelets, which are part of the defense (immune) system
-Every human cell requires a steady supply of oxygen gas, O2. Every cell also requires
a way to dispose of CO2 gas. Red blood cells(erythrocytes) do both jobs, carrying
oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and CO2 from the cells to the lungs. The active
agent within the red blood cells is the hemoglobin molecule, a globular protein, red in
color, which has binding sites for O2 and CO2
-The non-cellular portion of blood is called the blood plasma. Plasma is about 90%
water by weight. The plasma proteins make up three-fourths of the weight of solutes in
plasma
-Important function of different types of plasma proteins: the capacity to transport
important nutrients, such as lipids and fatty acids, as well as some trace metals,
vitamins, and hormones
-One mL of blood contains about 5 billion (5 x 109) erythrocytes. These cells are
essentially circulating containers for hemoglobin molecules
-Most of the solid matter of the red blood cell is hemoglobin
-Hemoglobin is synthesized inside the erythrocytes as they are formed in bone marrow
!1
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Tuesday, August 2, 2016
-A healthy adult male synthesizes approximately 900 trillion (9 x 1014) molecules of
hemoglobin per second to replace hemoglobin lost due to normal wear and tear
-hemoglobin is composed of four subunits. Each subunit contains a prosthetic group
called heme
-Blood types are established by genetics and are determined by the proteins that are
present in your blood. These proteins are called Agglutinogens and exist on the surface
membranes of red blood cells. There are 3 genes for different blood types: A, B and O
-for blood typing there are four major blood types A, B, AB and O
-Rhesus Factor- additional factor used to separate blood into groups. Some blood
proteins are present in some blood while absent in others. (+) for presence and (-) for
no presence. Further separates the 4 blood types into 8 (a+,a-, etc)
-Blood typing is the analytical process used to determine a person's blood type from
whole blood.
-The area of study of blood types is called Serology.
-Serologists detect the ABO antigens by the use of antibodies specific to each blood
types
-Testing blood: The serologist creates small samples of the blood evidence and then
adds the different antibodies for each blood type to those samples. Based on which
blood sample "clumps" up, he/she can determine the blood type. Similarly an antibody
is also added to the samples to determine the presence or absence of the Rhesus
factor
-3 types of blood evidence:
-Blood Samples: This is blood that is directly drawn from a suspect or victim and
can be analyzed for both type and can be used to extract DNA evidence
-Blood droplets: This is blood that is left in a trail or in smears that indicates
movement of either the victim or suspect at a crime scene. The drops can tell an
investigator the direction, height from which they were dropped and sometimes even the
weapon that was used. They can also be collected for typing and if not too degraded
DNA
-Blood splatter: This is blood that is propelled towards a surface in response to
violence. Splatter can be used to determine the type of weapon used, the height of the
assailant, movement in the crime scene and whether a body was moved after death
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Tuesday, August 2, 2016
-Nucleotides
-One of the most important metabolites of the cell
-Monomeric units comprising the major nucleic acids of the cell, RNA and DNA
-Important functions of Nucleotides: (5)
Serving as energy stores for future use in phosphate transfer reactions. These
reactions are predominantly carried out by a chemical called Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP).
Forming a portion of several important coenzymes such as NAD+, NADP+, FAD
and coenzyme A that act as catalysts for cellular activities.
Serving as mediators of numerous important cellular processes such as second
messengers in signal transduction (cellular communication) events. The predominant
second messenger is called cyclic-AMP (cAMP), which is a cyclic derivative of
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) formed from ATP.
Controlling numerous enzymatic reactions through allosteric (structural) effects
on enzyme activity.
Serving as activated intermediates in numerous biosynthetic reactions
-Purine and Pyrimide- Heterocyclic highly basic compounds. Nucleotides found in cells
are derivates of these
-The bases derived from purine are called adenine and guanine, and the derivatives of
pyrimidine are called thymine, cytosine and uracil. The common abbreviations used for
these five bases are, A, G, T, C and U
-The purine and pyrimidine bases in cells are linked to carbohydrate (sugar) and in this
form are termed, nucleosides
-Nucleosides are found in the cell primarily in their phosphorylated form
-Nucleotides can exist in the mono-, di-, or tri-phosphorylated forms
-The nucleotides found in DNA are unique from those of RNA in that the ribose exists in
the 2'-deoxy form and the abbreviations of the nucleotides contain a d designation. The
!3
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Document Summary
Vehicle for oxygen transport from lungs to tissues. Transports major organic nutrients from the intestine (where they are absorbed) to the liver (where they are processed) and ultimately to the other organs. Conveys organic waste products and excess mineral ions to the kidney for excretion. Transports hormones and other chemical messengers from various endocrine glands to their speci c target organs. Contains cells and antibody proteins that defend against disease. The human vascular system contains about 5 to 6 liters of blood. Nearly one-half its volume consists of cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes), which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and much smaller numbers of white blood cells (leukocytes), and blood platelets, which are part of the defense (immune) system. Every human cell requires a steady supply of oxygen gas, o2. Every cell also requires a way to dispose of co2 gas.
