PSYC 210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Autism Spectrum, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Methylphenidate
30 Apr 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Final&Exam:&May&3rd
Same&format&as&before&–MC/short&answer/extra&credit
•
Cumulative
•
The&main&differences&between&self-compassion&approaches&to&psychotherapy&and&CBT&
approaches&are&(select&all&that&apply):
CBT$emphasizes$challenging$beliefs;$Self-Compassion$emphasizes$observation
A.
Self-compassion$may$be$less$appropriate$for$more$severe$forms$of$mental$
illness
B.
Self-compassion&emphasizes&resigning&oneself&to&whatever&happens,&and&being&
kind&to&oneself&by&indulging&whatever&desire&arises
C.
Self&compassion&is&basically&the&same&thing&as&self&esteem
D.
Dopaminergic&drugs&like&methylphenidate&may&help&cognition&for&individuals&with&
ADHD&better&than&individuals&without&ADHD&because
The$optimal$range$of$prefrontal$dopamine$in$relationship$to$cognitive$
performance$shows$an$inverted$"u"$type$pattern
A.
Individuals&with&ADHD&like&to&party&more
B.
Individuals&with&ADHD&have&greater&DAT&expression
C.
There&is&no&difference
D.
In&terms&of&shared&genetic&risk,&Autism&Spectrum&Disorders&are&most&similar&to:
Major&depression
A.
ADHD
B.
Schizophrenia
Also&a&neurodevelopmental&disorder
a.
Very&detectable&differences&in&brain&development&related&to&the&same&
types&of&genes&(plasticity,&calcium,&synapse&formation)
b.
C.
Obsessive-Compulsive&Personality&Disorder
D.
In&the&short&story&we&read&for&today's&class,&what&was&the&presenting&problem&that&
brought&Bob&and&Kim&into&therapy&(select&all&that&apply)?
Lack$of$physical$intimacyA.
Their&children's&difficultiesB.
Bob's&drinkingC.
Kim's&history&with&her&fatherD.
Overview:
Structure&of&couples&problems•
Developmental&trajectories•
Predictors&of&couples&success•
Treatment•
Psychopathology$and$couples
Not&disorders&of&an&individual
Deserving&of&clinical& attention•
No&diagnostic&criteria
Can&emerge&because&one&or&both&have&a&psychological&disorder
○
Can&have&no&disorders&but&the&couple&itself&causes&problems
○
•
V-Codes:&additional&problems&needing&clinical& attention;&things&that&cause&
psychological&pain&and&suffering&that&are¬&disorders&within&a&person
In&the&DSM,&an&individual&either&meets&a&criteria&or¬,&so&DSM&recognizes&them&
through&"V"&codes
Parent-child&relational&problem
○
Relational&distress&with&spouse&or&intimate&partner
○
Disruption&of&family&by&separation&or&divorce
○
Homelessness
○
•
Problem$Couples
Couple&types
Complementary:&one&member&of&the&couple&who&is&the&clear&"problem"&
member
Enabling
Often&means&on&the&person&who&is¬&the&"problem"&member&is&
enabling&the&problem&member
§
Enables&couple&to&stay&together&despite&problem
§
○
Co-dependent
One&person&has&the&problem
§
The&other&person&is&the&caretaker
Person&is&attached&to&being&in&caretaker&role□
§
Ex:&one&person&takes&care&of&depressed&partner&and&feels&rewarded&
from&being&in&that&role
§
○
Folie-a-deux
Couple&sharing&in&a&delusional&belief
§
○
Complementary&couples&often&mask&symmetrical&issues
Ex:&affair
§
May&be&real&challenges&in&the&couple&that&causes&one&person&to&act&
out
May&be&a&presenting&problem,&but&when&explored,&there&were&
deeper&complementary&issues
□
§
○
Could&be&because&they&have&primary&psychological&problems&(depressed,&
alcoholic)
Causes&disruption&in&the&house&–not&helping&with&kids,¬&working,&
etc.
§
○
•
Symmetrical:&the&pattern&of&interaction&between&couple&leads&to&problem
More&common
○
Life&outside&of&couple&is&fine
High&quality&of&life&outside&of&relationship
§
○
Problem&is&the&relationship
Manifestation&of&psychological&distress&and&impairment&only&
through&interaction&of&individuals&within&the&couple
§
Not&seeded&in&an&individual&disorder
§
○
Couple&may¬&agree&with&therapist&or&each&other&on&the&issues
Makes&it&difficult&to&identify&the&importance&of&the&presenting&
problem
§
○
•
Origins&of&conflict
Personality/core&values
Often&things&that&are&worked&out&in&the&process&of&selecting&someone&for&
a&long&term&relationship
○
Can&be&dimensions&of&personality&that&have&incompatible&traits&and&
masked&over&by&an&"in&love"&feeling
○
•
Expectations/family&origin
Hidden&expectations&or&narratives&based&on&what&you&were&raised&to&think&
long&term&relationships&would&be&like
○
May¬&come&up&until&the&couple&has&been&together&for&a&while
○
•
Developmental&change/tolerance&of&change
Can&often&unmask&for&a&couple&something&they&were&unaware&they&had&
strong&feelings&about&
○
Entering&different&life&stages
○
•
Key&transitions:&structures&that&organized&a&couple&changing&
Early&years&(stage,¬&when&they&always&come&in)
○
Cohabitation
○
Early&parenting
○
Empty&nesting
○
Retirement
○
•
Treatment
Complimentary&couples
Focus&on&removing&enabling&behavior
One&abuses&alcohol,&other&stop&enabling
○
•
Often&mask&symmetrical&issues
If&one&member&has&an&affair,&that&doesn't&mean&the&affair&only&originated&
in&the&bad&choices&of&that&one&member
○
•
Symmetrical&couples
Emphasis&on&communication
Structured&focus
○
Can&include&finding&mastery/pleasure&activities&to&do&together
○
•
Four$Horseman by$John$Gottman$–key&risk&factors&of&interaction&between&
couples&that&are&particularly&problematic&in&communication
Criticism:&tendency&to&frequently&identify&short&comings,&things¬&done,&
from&one&member&of&a&couple&to&another
Can&express&in&a&backhanded&way&
"You&finally&folded&the&laundry&this&time"□
§
Defines&things&as&characterological&in&a&pervasive&way
"You&are&useless&around&the&house"&vs.&"You&didn't&fold&the&
laundry"
□
§
Treatment:&Focus&on&keeping&each&criticism& focus&on&the&present&
moment&and¤t&instance
Phrase&on&how&it&makes&person&feel&and¬&an&absolute&right&
or&wrong
□
Not&absolute&norms&and&global&characteristics&of&person□
§
○
Contempt:&when&one&person&feels&a&certain°ree&of&superiority&or&
disgust&towards&someone&else
Most&problematic
§
Can&be&a&manifestation&of&self-criticism&
§
Sarcasm,&undermining&comments,&hostile&humor
§
Trying&to&put&someone&"in&their&place"
§
○
Defensiveness:&protecting&against&criticism
If&criticism&is&mentioned,&a&counter&criticism&is&made
"Yeah&well&you&that&one&time…&So&we're&even"□
Pivoting&to&another&topic&to&deflect&criticism
"You&didn't&empty&the&dishwasher."&"Yeah&well&I&hate&
your&sister."
®
□
§
○
Stonewalling:&refusing&to&discuss&a&particular&issue
Feels&too&uncomfortable,&difficult&to&talk&about
§
Past&attempts&to&talk&about&it&have&been&unsuccessful
§
Person&is&still&angry&from&the&incident
§
More&common&in&men
§
Not&always&a&problem,&but&can&indicate&there&is&something&the&
couple&needs&to&talk&about&that&hasn't&been&addressed
§
○
Can't&predict&in&individual&couples&who&will&get&divorced
○
These&are&general&risk&factors&on&average&help&predict&divorce
○
•
Identifying&patterns
Identifying&pervasive&dynamics
Over&time,&people&can&grow&tired&of&the&roles&that&seemed&to&hold&
them&together&early&on
§
Distancer/pursuer&–one&member&was&always&the&pursuer&of&the&
other
Other&member&probably&liked&the&attention&and&being&
pursued
□
Dynamic&continues&where&one&member&is&always&trying&to&
please&the&other
□
Pursuer&can&get&tired&of&being&the&pursuer&and&want&
reciprocity
□
§
Problem-haver/problem-solver&–style&of&interacting&where&one&
person&is&always&bringing&problems&to&attention&and&the&other&is&
always&trying&to&find&solutions
One&has&extreme&anxiety&and&the&other&tries&to&fix&anxieties□
§
○
•
Talk/listen
Imago&dialogue/active&listening
To&stop&the&flow&of&normal&conversation&where&two&people&talk&
freely
§
○
Two&of&you&focus&on&one&of&you
Shift&to&a&model&where&both&members&focus&on&just&one&member&of&
the&couple's&experience
§
Easier&when&talking&about&an&experience& that&isn't&controversial
§
Harder&on&heated&topics
Other&member&can&quickly&get&defensive&or&reactive&that&
results&in&a&big&fight&without&the&first&person's&experience&
being&understood&or&heard&well
□
§
One&person&is&required&to&focus,&listen,&and&ask&questions&on&the&
other&person's&experience®ardless&of&how&they&feel&about&it
§
○
Issues&can&include:
Family&issues
§
Monogamy
Not&needing&to&have&cheated□
Just&an&attraction&or&struggling&with&monogamy□
§
○
•
Couples
Tuesday,& April&24,&2018
11:25&AM
Final&Exam:&May&3rd
Same&format&as&before&–MC/short&answer/extra&credit•
Cumulative•
The&main&differences&between&self-compassion&approaches&to&psychotherapy&and&CBT&
approaches&are&(select&all&that&apply):
CBT$emphasizes$challenging$beliefs;$Self-Compassion$emphasizes$observationA.
Self-compassion$may$be$less$appropriate$for$more$severe$forms$of$mental$
illness
B.
Self-compassion&emphasizes&resigning&oneself&to&whatever&happens,&and&being&
kind&to&oneself&by&indulging&whatever&desire&arises
C.
Self&compassion&is&basically&the&same&thing&as&self&esteemD.
Dopaminergic&drugs&like&methylphenidate&may&help&cognition&for&individuals&with&
ADHD&better&than&individuals&without&ADHD&because
The$optimal$range$of$prefrontal$dopamine$in$relationship$to$cognitive$
performance$shows$an$inverted$"u"$type$pattern
A.
Individuals&with&ADHD&like&to&party&moreB.
Individuals&with&ADHD&have&greater&DAT&expressionC.
There&is&no&differenceD.
In&terms&of&shared&genetic&risk,&Autism&Spectrum&Disorders&are&most&similar&to:
Major&depressionA.
ADHDB.
Schizophrenia
Also&a&neurodevelopmental&disordera.
Very&detectable&differences&in&brain&development&related&to&the&same&
types&of&genes&(plasticity,&calcium,&synapse&formation)
b.
C.
Obsessive-Compulsive&Personality&DisorderD.
In&the&short&story&we&read&for&today's&class,&what&was&the&presenting&problem&that&
brought&Bob&and&Kim&into&therapy&(select&all&that&apply)?
Lack$of$physical$intimacy
A.
Their&children's&difficulties
B.
Bob's&drinking
C.
Kim's&history&with&her&father
D.
Overview:
Structure&of&couples&problems
•
Developmental&trajectories
•
Predictors&of&couples&success
•
Treatment
•
Psychopathology$and$couples
Not&disorders&of&an&individual
Deserving&of&clinical& attention
•
No&diagnostic&criteria
Can&emerge&because&one&or&both&have&a&psychological&disorder
○
Can&have&no&disorders&but&the&couple&itself&causes&problems
○
•
V-Codes:&additional&problems&needing&clinical& attention;&things&that&cause&
psychological&pain&and&suffering&that&are¬&disorders&within&a&person
In&the&DSM,&an&individual&either&meets&a&criteria&or¬,&so&DSM&recognizes&them&
through&"V"&codes
Parent-child&relational&problem
○
Relational&distress&with&spouse&or&intimate&partner
○
Disruption&of&family&by&separation&or&divorce
○
Homelessness
○
•
Problem$Couples
Couple&types
Complementary:&one&member&of&the&couple&who&is&the&clear&"problem"&
member
Enabling
Often&means&on&the&person&who&is¬&the&"problem"&member&is&
enabling&the&problem&member
§
Enables&couple&to&stay&together&despite&problem
§
○
Co-dependent
One&person&has&the&problem
§
The&other&person&is&the&caretaker
Person&is&attached&to&being&in&caretaker&role□
§
Ex:&one&person&takes&care&of&depressed&partner&and&feels&rewarded&
from&being&in&that&role
§
○
Folie-a-deux
Couple&sharing&in&a&delusional&belief
§
○
Complementary&couples&often&mask&symmetrical&issues
Ex:&affair
§
May&be&real&challenges&in&the&couple&that&causes&one&person&to&act&
out
May&be&a&presenting&problem,&but&when&explored,&there&were&
deeper&complementary&issues
□
§
○
Could&be&because&they&have&primary&psychological&problems&(depressed,&
alcoholic)
Causes&disruption&in&the&house&–not&helping&with&kids,¬&working,&
etc.
§
○
•
Symmetrical:&the&pattern&of&interaction&between&couple&leads&to&problem
More&common
○
Life&outside&of&couple&is&fine
High&quality&of&life&outside&of&relationship
§
○
Problem&is&the&relationship
Manifestation&of&psychological&distress&and&impairment&only&
through&interaction&of&individuals&within&the&couple
§
Not&seeded&in&an&individual&disorder
§
○
Couple&may¬&agree&with&therapist&or&each&other&on&the&issues
Makes&it&difficult&to&identify&the&importance&of&the&presenting&
problem
§
○
•
Origins&of&conflict
Personality/core&values
Often&things&that&are&worked&out&in&the&process&of&selecting&someone&for&
a&long&term&relationship
○
Can&be&dimensions&of&personality&that&have&incompatible&traits&and&
masked&over&by&an&"in&love"&feeling
○
•
Expectations/family&origin
Hidden&expectations&or&narratives&based&on&what&you&were&raised&to&think&
long&term&relationships&would&be&like
○
May¬&come&up&until&the&couple&has&been&together&for&a&while
○
•
Developmental&change/tolerance&of&change
Can&often&unmask&for&a&couple&something&they&were&unaware&they&had&
strong&feelings&about&
○
Entering&different&life&stages
○
•
Key&transitions:&structures&that&organized&a&couple&changing&
Early&years&(stage,¬&when&they&always&come&in)
○
Cohabitation
○
Early&parenting
○
Empty&nesting
○
Retirement
○
•
Treatment
Complimentary&couples
Focus&on&removing&enabling&behavior
One&abuses&alcohol,&other&stop&enabling
○
•
Often&mask&symmetrical&issues
If&one&member&has&an&affair,&that&doesn't&mean&the&affair&only&originated&
in&the&bad&choices&of&that&one&member
○
•
Symmetrical&couples
Emphasis&on&communication
Structured&focus
○
Can&include&finding&mastery/pleasure&activities&to&do&together
○
•
Four$Horseman by$John$Gottman$–key&risk&factors&of&interaction&between&
couples&that&are&particularly&problematic&in&communication
Criticism:&tendency&to&frequently&identify&short&comings,&things¬&done,&
from&one&member&of&a&couple&to&another
Can&express&in&a&backhanded&way&
"You&finally&folded&the&laundry&this&time"□
§
Defines&things&as&characterological&in&a&pervasive&way
"You&are&useless&around&the&house"&vs.&"You&didn't&fold&the&
laundry"
□
§
Treatment:&Focus&on&keeping&each&criticism& focus&on&the&present&
moment&and¤t&instance
Phrase&on&how&it&makes&person&feel&and¬&an&absolute&right&
or&wrong
□
Not&absolute&norms&and&global&characteristics&of&person□
§
○
Contempt:&when&one&person&feels&a&certain°ree&of&superiority&or&
disgust&towards&someone&else
Most&problematic
§
Can&be&a&manifestation&of&self-criticism&
§
Sarcasm,&undermining&comments,&hostile&humor
§
Trying&to&put&someone&"in&their&place"
§
○
Defensiveness:&protecting&against&criticism
If&criticism&is&mentioned,&a&counter&criticism&is&made
"Yeah&well&you&that&one&time…&So&we're&even"□
Pivoting&to&another&topic&to&deflect&criticism
"You&didn't&empty&the&dishwasher."&"Yeah&well&I&hate&
your&sister."
®
□
§
○
Stonewalling:&refusing&to&discuss&a&particular&issue
Feels&too&uncomfortable,&difficult&to&talk&about
§
Past&attempts&to&talk&about&it&have&been&unsuccessful
§
Person&is&still&angry&from&the&incident
§
More&common&in&men
§
Not&always&a&problem,&but&can&indicate&there&is&something&the&
couple&needs&to&talk&about&that&hasn't&been&addressed
§
○
Can't&predict&in&individual&couples&who&will&get&divorced
○
These&are&general&risk&factors&on&average&help&predict&divorce
○
•
Identifying&patterns
Identifying&pervasive&dynamics
Over&time,&people&can&grow&tired&of&the&roles&that&seemed&to&hold&
them&together&early&on
§
Distancer/pursuer&–one&member&was&always&the&pursuer&of&the&
other
Other&member&probably&liked&the&attention&and&being&
pursued
□
Dynamic&continues&where&one&member&is&always&trying&to&
please&the&other
□
Pursuer&can&get&tired&of&being&the&pursuer&and&want&
reciprocity
□
§
Problem-haver/problem-solver&–style&of&interacting&where&one&
person&is&always&bringing&problems&to&attention&and&the&other&is&
always&trying&to&find&solutions
One&has&extreme&anxiety&and&the&other&tries&to&fix&anxieties□
§
○
•
Talk/listen
Imago&dialogue/active&listening
To&stop&the&flow&of&normal&conversation&where&two&people&talk&
freely
§
○
Two&of&you&focus&on&one&of&you
Shift&to&a&model&where&both&members&focus&on&just&one&member&of&
the&couple's&experience
§
Easier&when&talking&about&an&experience& that&isn't&controversial
§
Harder&on&heated&topics
Other&member&can&quickly&get&defensive&or&reactive&that&
results&in&a&big&fight&without&the&first&person's&experience&
being&understood&or&heard&well
□
§
One&person&is&required&to&focus,&listen,&and&ask&questions&on&the&
other&person's&experience®ardless&of&how&they&feel&about&it
§
○
Issues&can&include:
Family&issues
§
Monogamy
Not&needing&to&have&cheated□
Just&an&attraction&or&struggling&with&monogamy□
§
○
•
Couples
Tuesday,& April&24,&2018 11:25&AM
Document Summary
Same format as before mc/short answer/extra credit. The main differences between self-compassion approaches to psychotherapy and cbt approaches are (select all that apply): Self-compassion may be less appropriate for more severe forms of mental illness. Self-compassion emphasizes resigning oneself to whatever happens, and being kind to oneself by indulging whatever desire arises. Self compassion is basically the same thing as self esteem. Dopaminergic drugs like methylphenidate may help cognition for individuals with. The optimal range of prefrontal dopamine in relationship to cognitive performance shows an inverted u type pattern. In terms of shared genetic risk, autism spectrum disorders are most similar to: Very detectable differences in brain development related to the same types of genes (plasticity, calcium, synapse formation) Can emerge because one or both have a psychological disorder. Can have no disorders but the couple itself causes problems. V-codes: additional problems needing clinical attention; things that cause psychological pain and suffering that are not disorders within a person.
