PSYC 205 Lecture Notes - Prosocial Behavior, Truancy, Logical Reasoning
Peers
Horizontal Relationship
Serve many functions
oPlay companions
oModels for behavior
oInstructors & critics
oSocial comparison
oConfidantes
Development of Peer Relations
Infancy-toddler years (0-2 yrs)
oIncrease in social interaction with age
Preschool years (2-5 yrs)
oIncrease in complex, reciprocal peer interaction
oTaking on different roles
oChanges in the play children engage in (Parten)
Solitary: Kid is in a room full of children but they are playing themselves
Parallel: Kids are doing their own thing but right next to each without
interacting
Associative: Kids interact by helping each other but they are not working
towards the same goal
Cooperative: Kids are working together to achieve the same goal
Elementary school yrs (7-10 yrs)
oShow more involvement in games that have formal rules such as dodgeball, football
oMore cooperative, complex play
oGroups that children form in this age
Regularly interacting with the same people
Groups have a sort of structure with a leader, have norms which are developed
by the groups itself
Adolescence
oSharp increase in time spent with peers
oClique formation - closer relationships, same-sex
oCrowds - larger and loosely organized and based on stereotyped reputation such as
"jocks"
Measuring Peer Acceptance
Sociometric measures - make peers rate other members of the peer group
Nominations technique - ask kids to nominate other kids
oPositive nominations - 3 classmates children like most
oNegative nominations - 3 classmates children like least
Few (pos) Neglected Rejected
Many (pos) Popular Controversial
Few (neg) Many (neg)
And a lot of children do not fit into any of the categories, they are in the middle "average"
Outcomes of Peer Rejection
Rejected children are:
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Document Summary
Preschool years (2-5 yrs) o o o. Changes in the play children engage in (parten) Solitary: kid is in a room full of children but they are playing themselves. Parallel: kids are doing their own thing but right next to each without interacting. Associative: kids interact by helping each other but they are not working towards the same goal. Cooperative: kids are working together to achieve the same goal. Show more involvement in games that have formal rules such as dodgeball, football: more cooperative, complex play, groups that children form in this age. Groups have a sort of structure with a leader, have norms which are developed by the groups itself. Crowds - larger and loosely organized and based on stereotyped reputation such as. Sociometric measures - make peers rate other members of the peer group. Nominations technique - ask kids to nominate other kids o.
