BIOL 142 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Meiosis, Hemoglobin, Rna Splicing
Biology 142- Lecture 19- Genomics Continued
Note: We reviewed the rest of exam for the first half of class. Please see your exam for the
notes for the first part of class.
Understanding genome organization
• coding, single copy genes, duplications, gene families, pseudogenes (useful genetic
information that can be used to express different genes in organisms)
• junk, repeats, transposons (non-useful genetic information)
o transposons (transposable elements): mobile genetic information that don’t
code for any proteins
Principle of the Sanger Method
• ddNTPs terminate DNA synthesis because they have no 3’ hydroxyl group
• ddNTPs result in fragments that give you fragments with different nucleotide endings
• daughter strands of different lengths can be produced by using a mixture of dNTPs and
ddNTPs
• ex) ddGTP terminates synthesis where the Cs occur on the template strand, and this
same process repeats for all 4 bases. Fragments are run through a gel in order to
determine sequence.
• Process of Sanger Sequencing:
Document Summary
Note: we reviewed the rest of exam for the first half of class. Please see your exam for the notes for the first part of class. Fragments are run through a gel in order to determine sequence: process of sanger sequencing: Image from: https://www. khanacademy. org/science/biology/biotech-dna- technology/dna-sequencing-pcr-electrophoresis/a/dna-sequencing: next generation sequencing (ngs) is used in place of the sanger method, ngs is much faster, dna samples must be sent to special labs that can conduct ngs. Gene annotation: gene annotation is used to identify sequences that represent genes, a software will read sequences along 3 reading frames to search for stop codons, areas without stop codons may be open reading frames. Lateral gene transfer: when gene sequences or genetic information skips between species that are not necessarily closely related, the genes being transferred could be transferred between kingdoms, lateral gene transfer is important for understanding epidemiology.
