BIOL 142 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Operon, Hfr Cell, Chromosome
Bacteria reproduce by the process of Binary Fission: the chromosome in the mother cell is
replicated and a copy is allocated to each of the daughter cells.
This results in genetically identical daughter cells.
However, genetic exchanges between bacteria prior to replication of the genome result in
genetic diversity that is passed on to daughter cells. There are 3 types of genetic exchanges
that Bio 142 will touch on: 1. Transformation, 2. Transduction, and 3. Conjugation
Gene Cloning
Gene cloning is the incorporation of a foreign gene into a vector to produce a
recombinant DNA molecule that replicates and expresses the foreign gene in a
recipient cell.
•
Regulation of Gene Expression
Expression of genes is regulated by intracellular or environmental conditions.
•
An operon is a set of genes that is transcribed as a single unit and expressed
coordinately.
Specific regulation induces or represses a particular gene or operon.
○
Examples include Lac Operon
○
•
Bacterial Genome Organization
Chromosomal DNA
1.
Plasmids
2.
Chromosomal DNA
Bacterial chromosome is a circular molecule of DNA that functions as a self-
replicating genetic element (replicon)
•
The chromosome replicates semi conservatively; each DNA strand serves as a
template for synthesis of its complementary strand.
•
Replication of the chromosomal DNA in bacteria starts at a specific chromosomal site
called the origin and proceeds bi-directionally and the replicated chromosomes are
partitioned into each of the daughter cells.
•
Most bacteria have a haploid genome.
•
Typically, double stranded circular DNA
•
Spontaneous mutations in individual bacteria are rare
•
Plasmids
Discrete, extrachromosomal genetic elements in bacteria.
•
Plasmids replicated independently of the bacterial chromosome
•
Most plasmids are circular double stranded DNA molecules
•
Plasmids often control medically important properties of bacteria, such as resistance
to antibiotics, these are called R plasmids
•
DNA molecules that replicate as discrete gene units in bacteria are called replicons.
Replicons can be the singular chromosome or the plasmids, or both.
•
Exchange of Genetic Information
Genetic interactions between microbes allow their genomes to evolve much more rapidly
than by mutation alone
Donor DNA cannot persist in the recipient bacterium unless it is part of a replicon,
recombination between donor and recipient genomes is required to produce stable hybrids.
Recombination is most likely to occur when the donor and recipient are from the same or
closely related species.
Bacterial Transformation
Transformation is genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake,
incorporation, and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings.
•
Exogenous: produced or originating outside of an organism
•
Recombination occurs between single molecules of transforming DNA and
chromosomes of recipient.
•
Molecules of transforming DNA correspond to very small fragments of the bacterial
chromosome
•
Competence: the ability of bacteria to take up extracellular DNA and become
transformed.
•
Transduction
Bacteriophages act as vectors to introduce DNA from donor bacteria to recipient
bacteria by infection.
•
A phage is a virus that infects bacteria
•
Conjugation
Direct contact between the donor and recipient bacteria leads to establishment of a
cytoplasmic bridge(AKA Pilus) between them and transfer of part of or all the donor
genome to the recipient.
•
Donor ability is determined by specific plasmids called fertility plasmids or F
Plasmid (or F factor).
•
Bacteria that have the F plasmid are referred to as F+
Those who do not are called F-
○
•
The F plasmid can exist as extrachromosomal genetic material or be integrated in the
bacterial chromosome (via recombination)
•
When integrated into chromosome, the cell is called HFr cell (high frequency of
recombinant cell)
•
HFr cell behaves like an F+ cell, transferring F genes to a F- cell, but now it can also
donate some of the bacterial chromosome with it
•
Replication of the Hfr chromosome begins at a fixed point within the integrated
chromosome
•
Movement of bacteria usually disrupts conjugation before the entire chromosome can
be transferred.
•
Cross over events can happen between homologous genes on the Hfr fragment an the
F- DNA (recipient DNA)
•
The parts of the Hfr fragment that are NOT integrated via recombination are degraded
and lost
•
Interrupted- mating experiments
Used to determine linkage
The Hfr chromosome unwinds and is transferred to the F - cell in a linear
fashion.
○
The unwinding and transfer begin at a certain point called O or the origin
○
The farther a gene is from the origin, O, the later it is transferred to the F- cell
○
•
For Further Reading:
(most of the notes here were adapted from these sites)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7908/1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21942/2.
Bacterial Genetics
Document Summary
Bacteria reproduce by the process of binary fission: the chromosome in the mother cell is replicated and a copy is allocated to each of the daughter cells. However, genetic exchanges between bacteria prior to replication of the genome result in genetic diversity that is passed on to daughter cells. There are 3 types of genetic exchanges that bio 142 will touch on: 1. Gene cloning is the incorporation of a foreign gene into a vector to produce a recombinant dna molecule that replicates and expresses the foreign gene in a recipient cell. Expression of genes is regulated by intracellular or environmental conditions. An operon is a set of genes that is transcribed as a single unit and expressed coordinately. Specific regulation induces or represses a particular gene or operon. Bacterial chromosome is a circular molecule of dna that functions as a self- replicating genetic element (replicon)