NUTR 2105 Lecture 13: Chapter 13 Trace Minerals

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1 May 2018

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What Are Trace Minerals and Why Do You Need Them?

The main trace minerals (microminerals)

Iron

Zinc

Selenium

Fluoride

Chromium

Copper

Iodine

Manganese

Molybdenum

○

Less then 5g of trace minerals are in the body

○

Daily dietary needs are less than 20 mg

○

Amount in plants depends on the amount contained in the soil in which

the plant was grown

○

Bioavailability of trace minerals can very according to:

Individual nutritional status

Other foods eaten

Form of the mineral

Presence of other minerals

○

Need minimal digestion for absorption

Some are recycled (such as Iron

○

Most trace minerals function as cofactors

Form part of an enzyme complex

Metalloenzymes: active enzymes that contain one or more metal

ions that are essential for their biological activity

○

Other roles

Assist hormone functions

Provide structure of bones and teeth

Maintain health of red blood cells

Component of antioxidants

○

Trace mineral deficiencies and toxicity are difficult to determine

Recommend intakes and tolerable upper limits are difficult to

establish

○

Iron (Fe)

Most abundant mineral on Earth and the most abundant trace mineral in

the body

○

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world

Iron-deficiency anemia is common in women of childbearing age

and in children

○

Two form of iron:

Heme iron

More bioavailable (2 to 3x more times)□

Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and part of cytochromes□

Found in animal foods

Meat, poultry, fish

□

Ferrous iron□

Nonheme iron

Found in plant foods

Grains, vegetables, enriched breads, and fortified

cereals

80% of iron consumed in foods

□

Ferric iron□

○

Iron Bioavailability

The bioavailability is influenced by several factor

Heme iron is 2 to 3x more bioavailable than nonheme iron

Nonheme iron binds to:

Oxalates (leafy vegetables)□

Polyphenols (tea and coffee)□

Nonheme iron absorption is enhanced with:

Vitamin C□

Meat, fish, and poultry (MFP) factor□

○

Iron Absorption and Transport

The absorption-transport mechanism of iron is tightly controlled to

prevent toxicity

Book goes into a lot more detail about this

Very tightly regulated system, unless intake supplement

to saturate it not gonna get a toxicity

So iron, once inside intestinal cell, stored as ferritin

Transferrin carries iron

Dependent on copper

◊

Hormonal regulation of iron absorption

Hepcidin: hormone that controls iron absorption

Inhibits ferroportin from transporting iron out of the

enterocyte into the portal blood

If blood levels of Fe too high, hepcidin released to

inhibit anymore Fe going out from ferritin

◊

Produced in liver

□

Stored iron affects iron absorption

Low iron stores increase intestinal iron absorption□

High iron stores decrease intestinal iron absorption

Excess iron is excreted in the feces

After 5 days

◊

□

Iron recycling*

What keeps our iron levels good □

95% of iron in the body is recycled and reused □

Iron from degraded hemoglobin is salvaged (in liver)

60% of our Fe is hemoglobin

Make new red blood cells, incorporated into enzymes,

stored in ferritin

□

Most iron losses occur from bleeding

Ulcer, also seen in elderly population (anemia, colon

cancer which is bleeding from colon which you probably

wouldn't notice)

□

○

Metabolic Functions of Iron

Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions

Major component of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide □

This is why people w/ iron deficiency tired, not enough

oxygen

□

Participates in energy metabolism

Part of cytochromes in the mitochondria □

Immune function

Needed to produce lymphocytes and macrophages □

Protects cell membranes from free radical damage□

Needed for brain function

Helps enzymes involve in the production of neurotransmitters

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

□

Deficiency during the early years of childhood is associated w/

decreased cognitive ability during the later school years

Mirror ADHD symptoms, because delays cognitive

functions and permanent

□

○

Daily Needs of Iron

Dietary needs of vegetarians are 1.8x higher than those of non-

vegetarians

Female vegetarians need 32, 33mgs

○

Food Sources of Iron

Grains: oatmeal, quinoa, whole-wheat bread

○

Iron Toxicity

Symptoms include constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

UL: 45 mg/ day (don't need to get close to that)

Amount is too high for individuals with:

Liver disease

Other disease that affect iron stores in the body

□

More likely to occur w/ supplementation or in individuals w/ the

genetic disorder hemochromatosis

Iron poisoning in children

Accidental consumption of supplements (like candy)

containing iron is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in

children under age 6

□

Iron overload

Buildup of excess stores of iron over several years □

Can damage organs and tissues□

Hemochromatosis can cause overload

A genetic disorder in which individuals absorb too much

dietary iron (basically where store too much iron)

If don't catch early, damage organs and tissues

□

Other effects of too much iron

Stimulate free radical production

May contribute to heart disease

May increase risk for cancer

□

○

Iron Deficiency

Iron-deficiency anemia

Hemoglobin levels decrease (microcytic anemia, which are

pale red blood cells)

□

Oxygen delivery to tissues diminished □

Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, reduced ability to fight

infection

Populations at risk

Pregnant women □

Menstruating women and teenage girls (especially those w/

heavy blood losses)

Or anyone else losing blood

□

Preterm or low birth weight infants□

Older infants and toddlers□

○

Copper (Cu)

Copper is found in two forms in the body

The oxidized form: Cupric (Cu2+)

The reduced form: Cuprous (Cu+)

○

Copper Absorption and Transport

Don't really know much about copper absorption

Mostly absorbed in the small intestine, based on need

Very little stored in the body

Bioavailability is enhanced by amino acids

Amino acids (sulfur containing) enhance copper bioavailability

Phytates, specifically zinc (because copper is stored in a zinc

complex), and other microminerals reduce bioavailability

○

Metabolic Functions of Copper

Part of several metalloenzymes (responsible for these enzymes

working) and proteins

Needed for oxidation reactions and reducing free radical

damage

□

Part of enzyme that oxidizes iron to ferric form□

□

Assists in energy production

Links the proteins collagen and elastin together in connective tissue

Part of superoxide dismutase, helping protect against free radical

damage

Synthesizes melanin

Plays a role in blood clotting and maintaining a healthy immune

system

○

Food Sources of Copper

Vegetables: mushrooms (782 mg), 1 cup vegetable juice (484)□

Protein: 1/2 oz walnuts (450 mg)□

Grain: 1 cup quinoa (400 mg) □

Chicken, potatos are an ok source □

But seafoods and nuts best source□

○

Copper Toxicity

Symptoms

Stomach pains and cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and

liver damage

□

○

Copper Deficiency

Rare

Symptoms: fatigue and weakness

Anemia type, (underfed, malnourished)□

Populations

Premature infants who are fed milk formulas, malnourished

infants fed cow's milk, and individuals on IV feedings w/

inadequate amounts of copper

□

○

Genetic disorders that affect copper metabolism (QUESTION ON

MASTERING)

Menkes disease (rare genetic disorder)

Copper transport disorder

Low copper issue

□

Accumulation (in certain organs b/c transport issue) can cause

developmental problems, osteoporosis, cardiovascular

disease, and death

Children normally don't live past their first decade so

not much research on this

□

Wilson's disease (genetic disorder)

Prevents the body from excreting copper through the bile□

Accumulation can cause liver and brain damage□

It is manageable □

○

Zinc (Zn2+)

Found in very small amounts in almost every cell of the body

Mostly in bone and muscle

○

Involved in the function of more than 100 metalloenzymes, including

those used for protein synthesis

○

Zinc Absorption and Transport

Controlled at the small intestine

After absorption, it is bound to metallotionine, where it is

stored

□

In the blood, zinc is bound to albumin (a protein), also transferrin

like iron

Excess zinc is excreted in the feces

Absorption is reduced when:

High levels of nonheme (ferric) iron (which is from plants

instead of animals, like heme iron) are present

□

Phytates and diets high in fiber are consumed □

Consuming animal proteins improves zinc absorption

Zinc recycling (just like iron)

Zinc is part of pancreatic digestive juices□

Pancreatic juices are reabsorbed by the small intestine

Zinc is recycled to the pancreas to be reused

□

Zinc not reused is excreted in feces□

Small losses in urine, sweat, and sloughed-off skin and hair □

○

Metabolic Functions of Zinc

Helps wounds heal

Needed for DNA and RNA synthesis

Turns genes on and off□

Keeps the immune system healthy

May reduce duration of the common cold□

Acts as an antioxidant□

Reduces inflammation□

Part of enzymes and proteins that repair skin cells and

enhance their proliferation

□

Improves taste perception

May prevent age-related macular degeneration

○

Daily Needs for Zinc

Most adults are meeting their daily needs

Populations at risk:

Vegetarians □

○

Protein: cooked oyster (38.4 mg), cooked beef (flank, steak,

leak) 3 oz. (5.1 mg)

□

Grains: cereal 3/4 cup (15 mg)□

Food Sources of Zinc

Most zinc in the brand/ in the germ, so when processed not good so

need intake whole grain to get zinc

○

Zinc Toxicity

Upper level: 40 mg/ day

See these symptoms at like 50 mg□

Symptoms: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Excess can (takes quite a bit):

Interfere w/ copper absorption (60 mg)

This cascades and affects iron

□

Suppress the immune system □

Lower HDL cholesterol □

○

Zinc Deficiency

Delayed growth in children

Hair loss

Loss of appetite

Impaired sense of taste

Diarrhea

Delayed sexual maturation

Impotence

Skin rash

○

Selenium (Se)

Component of selenoproteins (proteins that contain selenium)

Most are enzymes

○

Selenomethionine is the most commone form in the diet

○

Absorption and transport are based on the individual's needs

Stored as selenomethionine or selenoprotein after absorption in a

variety of tissues

Kidneys maintain homeostasis

○

Metabolism of Selenium

○

Metabolic Functions of Selenium

Selenium is required by the thyroid

Regulates thyroid hormones□

Plays an antioxidant (like A, C, E) role and may help fight cancer

(because all antioxidants do)

Glutathione peroxidase: protects cells from free radical

damage

□

May reduce death from lung, colon, and prostate cancer

Slows growth of tumors

□

○

Daily Needs for Selenium

Most adults are meetings more than the recommended needs

Selenium is not generally listed on food labels unless the food has

been fortified

○

Food Sources of Selenium

Protein: brazil nuts 1/2 oz (544 mg), light tuna canned in

water 3 oz (68 mg), cooked salmon (47 mg), shrimp 3 oz (42

mg)

□

Don't really know because don't know soil □

○

Selenium Toxicity

Tolerable upper limit: 400 micrograms/ day

Selenosis

Brittle nails and hair, both of which may fall out□

Stomach and intestinal discomfort, skin rash, garlicky breath,

fatigue, and damage to nervous system

□

○

Selenium Deficiency

May trigger Keshan disease

Developing countries b/c worse soil□

Damages the heart□

Possible changes in thyroid hormone

○

Fluoride (F-)

Is not classified as essential because the body does not require it for

normal growth and development

○

Plays a critical role in developing strong teeth

○

Is found naturally in plants and animals, and often added to water supply

○

Is mostly absorbed in the small intestine

○

Metabolic Functions of Fluoride

Maintains healthy teeth

Forms fluoroapatite□

Fluoride from food, beverages, and toothpaste repairs eroded

enamel

□

Inhibits the interaction b/w bacteria and carbohydrate,

thereby reducing acid production

□

Fluoride in saliva helps remineralize the hydroxyapatite

structure of the tooth

□

Helps maintain strong bones

Combined w/ calcium and vitamin D

Increases bone mineral density

Reduces the incidence of osteoporosis

□

○

Daily Needs for Fluoride

Tolerable upper level: 10 mg/day

○

Food sources for Fluoride

Best source is fluoridated water and beverages and foods made w/

fluoridated water

Decaffeinated tea leaves

○

Fluoride Toxicity

Fluorosis in teeth and bones

When kid and teeth coming in□

Eat fluoride tooth paste□

○

Fluoride Deficiency

Increased susceptibility to dental caries

○

Chromium (Cr)

A mineral that was recently discovered to be needed by humans

○

Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is the active form found in food

○

Very little chromium is absorbed

Once absorbed, it is stored in a variety of tissues

○

Excreted in urine, especially w/ high sugar intake

○

Metabolic Functions of Chromium

Chromium helps insulin in the body

Increased insulin effectiveness in cells□

May improve insulin's effects on metabolism and storage of

energy-yielding nutrients

□

May improve blood glucose levels in individuals w/ diabetes

mellitus or prediabetes

□

May prevent or improve metabolic syndrome

Chromium does not improve weight or body composition

○

Daily Needs

Guys need more than girls

Most adults meet their daily chromium needs

Insufficient data to establish a UL

○

Grains: broccoli (22mg), mashed potatoes (3mg), peas 1 cup

(2mg)

□

Fruits: grape juice 1 cup (8 mg), OJ 1 cup (2 mg)□

Protein: ham 3 ox (3.6 mg), chicken breast 3 oz (2mg) □

Food Sources of Chromium

Also soil dependent

○

Chromium Toxicity

May reduce absorption, transportation, and utilization of iron by

binding to transferrin (same transport as iron)

No known risks of consuming excessive amounts in foods or

supplements

○

Chromium Deficiency

Rare in the U.S.

May increase blood glucose and fatty acids

○

Iodine (I)

Iodide, the ionic form of iodine is an essential mineral

○

Mandatory salt iodization significantly reduced the incidence of goiter in

the U.S.

Giant lump in neck (enlarged thyroid gland from thyroid deficiency),

like a tree trunk

○

Metabolic Functions of Iodine

Thyroid gland traps iodide and uses it to make the hormone

thyroxine (T4) which can be converted to triiodothyronine (T3)

Butterfly gland around trachea, traps □

Thyroid hormones help regulate:

Metabolic rate □

Reproduction □

Energy production in the TCA cycle □

Nerve, muscle, and heart function

CNS development (can't develop w/o thyroid hormone)

□

○

Daily Needs

Americans usually consume well over the established daily needs

Amount consumed in food somewhat on the amount of

iodine in soil, water, and fertilizer used to grow foods

□

UL: 1,100 micrograms /day

○

Protein: cod 3 oz (90 micrograms), shrimp 3 oz and 1/2 cup

cooked navy beans (35 micrograms), turkey breast 3 oz (34

micrograms)

□

Dairy: 1 cup of plain low-fat yogurt (75 micrograms), 1 cup of

reduced fat milk (56 micrograms)

□

Foods Sources of Iodine

1/2 tsp of salt give you all the iodine you need for the day

Not in table salt or kosher salt □

○

Iodine Toxicity

Impairs thyroid function and reduces the synthesis and release of

thyroxine

If toxicity, undoes the one thing thyroid supposed to help you w/

○

Iodine Deficiency

Simple goiter: enlarged thyroid gland

JUST ON MASTERING□

Secondary goiter

Goitrogens: substances in food that reduce the use of iodine

by the thyroid gland, resulting in goiter

Rutabagas, cabbage, soybeans, and peanuts

Like if on meds for thyroid, may cause meds to

not work as well

◊

□

During pregnancy

Damage to brain of the developing baby (like said very

important for development of CNS)

□

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

Abnormal sexual development □

Mental retardation □

Dwarfism □

○

Molybdenum (Mo)

Function

Cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes

Involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids

Oxidation-reduction reactions

○

Daily Needs

○

Foods Sources of Molybdenum

Legumes, grains, nuts

Dairy products

Leafy green vegetables

○

Molybdenum Toxicity

Shown to cause reproductive problems and kidney disorders in

animals

UL: 2mg/ day

Daily need 45 micrograms/day□

○

Molybdenum Deficiency

Not seen in healthy individuals

○

Manganese (Mn)

Part of, or activates, many enzymes in the body

○

Mostly found in bones and accessory organs of the digestive tract

○

Metabolic Functions of Manganese

Cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes involved in metabolism of

carbs, fats, and amino acids

Prevent oxidation of myelin sheath

Participates in formation of bone matrix

Helps build cartilage supporting the joints

○

Daily Needs

More in men

○

Foods Sources of Manganese

Whole grains

Nuts

Legumes

Tea

Vegetables

Fruits

○

Manganese Toxicity

Exposure to environmental pollutants

Industrial type: welding, w/ poor ventilation (asbestos?)□

Symptoms

Damage to the nervous system□

Symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease

So might not catch it

□

○

Manganese Deficiency

Rare

Phytates, calcium, and iron can interfere with absorption

Rash and scaly skin, low cholesterol

○

Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium: Are They Important to Health?

Their nutritional importance has not yet been established

○

Arsenic

2 types: organic (no known adverse issues) vs inorganic (cancer,

incr. heart disease and rice has this b/c rice soaks up this)

Suggestion rotate grains: quinoa, barley, etc.

○

Boron

Reproductive issues (and developmental probs) either way go w/

toxicity and deficiency

○

Nickel

Is essential in animals and may be essential to us

No data for toxicity in humans

UL set off animal testing

○

Silicon

Animals need it for bone formation so we may need to also

○

Vanadium

In animals seems to have an insulin-like animals

Will see it promoted in supplements

Have seen liver and kidney damage (esp probs w/ diabetes creates a

prob, but sometimes those on blood thinners)

Can lead to miscarriage

○

What Are Nutrient Deficient Anemias?

Anemias

Blood lacks enough healthy, normal-sized red blood cells to deliver

oxygen to the tissues

Classified by the size of the red blood cells

○

Most anemias are caused by non-nutritional factors

Losing too much blood

Insufficient red blood cell production

Red blood cells being destroyed

○

Other causes

Low nutrient intake

Malabsorption

Abnormal metabolism of nutrients

○

What are nutrient deficient anemias?

Microcytic anemia

Small red blood cells that lack color□

Lacks hemoglobin □

Most common cause

Iron deficiency

Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when there is

insufficient iron in the body. Women are at a

higher risk than men.

◊

In men and postmenopausal women:

Occurs due to blood losses from ulcers,

excess aspirin use, specific cancers

}

◊

Signs and symptoms:

Fatigue, pale skin color, irritability,

shortness of breath, sore tongue, brittle

nails, pica, headache in the frontal lobe,

blue tinge to the whites of the eyes,

decreased appetite

}

Children can develop irreversible

intellectual impairment

}

◊

Testing for iron-deficiency anemia involves simple

blood tests

Complete blood count or total iron-binding

capacity

}

◊

Treatment for iron-deficiency anemia

Iron supplements are needed

Ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, or

ferrous fumarate

–

Take iron w/ orange juice or other

vitamin C source

–

Avoid taking w/ milk or antacids

–

}

◊

□

Other causes

Vitamin B6 deficiency

Lack of PLP inhibits heme production

◊

□

Macrocytic anemia

Fewer, abnormally large red blood cells□

Contain sufficient hemoglobin □

Most common cause

Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency

□

Signs and symptoms

Loss of appetite, sore mouth and tongue, shortness of

breath, fatigue, heart palpitations, and pale lips and

eyelids

□

Testing

Mean cell volume, serum folate, and serum vitamin B12

□

Treatment

Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency: supplements

□

Pernicious anemia

A form of macrocytic anemia caused by the body's

inability to absorb vitamin B12

Cause

Typically a lack of intrinsic factor due to gastritis

or an autoimmune reaction that attacks the

parietal cells of the stomach

◊

Symptoms

Diarrhea or constipation, pale skin, problems

concentrating, shortness of breath

◊

Treatment

Intramuscular injections of vitamin B12

◊

□

○

Chpt. 13 Trace Minerals

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What Are Trace Minerals and Why Do You Need Them?

The main trace minerals (microminerals)

Iron

Zinc

Selenium

Fluoride

Chromium

Copper

Iodine

Manganese

Molybdenum

○

Less then 5g of trace minerals are in the body

○

Daily dietary needs are less than 20 mg

○

Amount in plants depends on the amount contained in the soil in which

the plant was grown

○

Bioavailability of trace minerals can very according to:

Individual nutritional status

Other foods eaten

Form of the mineral

Presence of other minerals

○

Need minimal digestion for absorption

Some are recycled (such as Iron

○

Most trace minerals function as cofactors

Form part of an enzyme complex

Metalloenzymes: active enzymes that contain one or more metal

ions that are essential for their biological activity

○

Other roles

Assist hormone functions

Provide structure of bones and teeth

Maintain health of red blood cells

Component of antioxidants

○

Trace mineral deficiencies and toxicity are difficult to determine

Recommend intakes and tolerable upper limits are difficult to

establish

○

Iron (Fe)

Most abundant mineral on Earth and the most abundant trace mineral in

the body

○

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world

Iron-deficiency anemia is common in women of childbearing age

and in children

○

Two form of iron:

Heme iron

More bioavailable (2 to 3x more times)

□

Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and part of cytochromes

□

Found in animal foods

Meat, poultry, fish

□

Ferrous iron

□

Nonheme iron

Found in plant foods

Grains, vegetables, enriched breads, and fortified

cereals

80% of iron consumed in foods

□

Ferric iron

□

○

Iron Bioavailability

The bioavailability is influenced by several factor

Heme iron is 2 to 3x more bioavailable than nonheme iron

Nonheme iron binds to:

Oxalates (leafy vegetables)

□

Polyphenols (tea and coffee)

□

Nonheme iron absorption is enhanced with:

Vitamin C

□

Meat, fish, and poultry (MFP) factor

□

○

Iron Absorption and Transport

The absorption-transport mechanism of iron is tightly controlled to

prevent toxicity

Book goes into a lot more detail about this

Very tightly regulated system, unless intake supplement

to saturate it not gonna get a toxicity

So iron, once inside intestinal cell, stored as ferritin

Transferrin carries iron

Dependent on copper

◊

Hormonal regulation of iron absorption

Hepcidin: hormone that controls iron absorption

Inhibits ferroportin from transporting iron out of the

enterocyte into the portal blood

If blood levels of Fe too high, hepcidin released to

inhibit anymore Fe going out from ferritin

◊

Produced in liver

□

Stored iron affects iron absorption

Low iron stores increase intestinal iron absorption□

High iron stores decrease intestinal iron absorption

Excess iron is excreted in the feces

After 5 days

◊

□

Iron recycling*

What keeps our iron levels good □

95% of iron in the body is recycled and reused □

Iron from degraded hemoglobin is salvaged (in liver)

60% of our Fe is hemoglobin

Make new red blood cells, incorporated into enzymes,

stored in ferritin

□

Most iron losses occur from bleeding

Ulcer, also seen in elderly population (anemia, colon

cancer which is bleeding from colon which you probably

wouldn't notice)

□

○

Metabolic Functions of Iron

Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions

Major component of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide □

This is why people w/ iron deficiency tired, not enough

oxygen

□

Participates in energy metabolism

Part of cytochromes in the mitochondria □

Immune function

Needed to produce lymphocytes and macrophages □

Protects cell membranes from free radical damage□

Needed for brain function

Helps enzymes involve in the production of neurotransmitters

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

□

Deficiency during the early years of childhood is associated w/

decreased cognitive ability during the later school years

Mirror ADHD symptoms, because delays cognitive

functions and permanent

□

○

Daily Needs of Iron

Dietary needs of vegetarians are 1.8x higher than those of non-

vegetarians

Female vegetarians need 32, 33mgs

○

Food Sources of Iron

Grains: oatmeal, quinoa, whole-wheat bread

○

Iron Toxicity

Symptoms include constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

UL: 45 mg/ day (don't need to get close to that)

Amount is too high for individuals with:

Liver disease

Other disease that affect iron stores in the body

□

More likely to occur w/ supplementation or in individuals w/ the

genetic disorder hemochromatosis

Iron poisoning in children

Accidental consumption of supplements (like candy)

containing iron is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in

children under age 6

□

Iron overload

Buildup of excess stores of iron over several years □

Can damage organs and tissues□

Hemochromatosis can cause overload

A genetic disorder in which individuals absorb too much

dietary iron (basically where store too much iron)

If don't catch early, damage organs and tissues

□

Other effects of too much iron

Stimulate free radical production

May contribute to heart disease

May increase risk for cancer

□

○

Iron Deficiency

Iron-deficiency anemia

Hemoglobin levels decrease (microcytic anemia, which are

pale red blood cells)

□

Oxygen delivery to tissues diminished □

Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, reduced ability to fight

infection

Populations at risk

Pregnant women □

Menstruating women and teenage girls (especially those w/

heavy blood losses)

Or anyone else losing blood

□

Preterm or low birth weight infants□

Older infants and toddlers□

○

Copper (Cu)

Copper is found in two forms in the body

The oxidized form: Cupric (Cu2+)

The reduced form: Cuprous (Cu+)

○

Copper Absorption and Transport

Don't really know much about copper absorption

Mostly absorbed in the small intestine, based on need

Very little stored in the body

Bioavailability is enhanced by amino acids

Amino acids (sulfur containing) enhance copper bioavailability

Phytates, specifically zinc (because copper is stored in a zinc

complex), and other microminerals reduce bioavailability

○

Metabolic Functions of Copper

Part of several metalloenzymes (responsible for these enzymes

working) and proteins

Needed for oxidation reactions and reducing free radical

damage

□

Part of enzyme that oxidizes iron to ferric form□

□

Assists in energy production

Links the proteins collagen and elastin together in connective tissue

Part of superoxide dismutase, helping protect against free radical

damage

Synthesizes melanin

Plays a role in blood clotting and maintaining a healthy immune

system

○

Food Sources of Copper

Vegetables: mushrooms (782 mg), 1 cup vegetable juice (484)□

Protein: 1/2 oz walnuts (450 mg)□

Grain: 1 cup quinoa (400 mg) □

Chicken, potatos are an ok source □

But seafoods and nuts best source□

○

Copper Toxicity

Symptoms

Stomach pains and cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and

liver damage

□

○

Copper Deficiency

Rare

Symptoms: fatigue and weakness

Anemia type, (underfed, malnourished)□

Populations

Premature infants who are fed milk formulas, malnourished

infants fed cow's milk, and individuals on IV feedings w/

inadequate amounts of copper

□

○

Genetic disorders that affect copper metabolism (QUESTION ON

MASTERING)

Menkes disease (rare genetic disorder)

Copper transport disorder

Low copper issue

□

Accumulation (in certain organs b/c transport issue) can cause

developmental problems, osteoporosis, cardiovascular

disease, and death

Children normally don't live past their first decade so

not much research on this

□

Wilson's disease (genetic disorder)

Prevents the body from excreting copper through the bile□

Accumulation can cause liver and brain damage□

It is manageable □

○

Zinc (Zn2+)

Found in very small amounts in almost every cell of the body

Mostly in bone and muscle

○

Involved in the function of more than 100 metalloenzymes, including

those used for protein synthesis

○

Zinc Absorption and Transport

Controlled at the small intestine

After absorption, it is bound to metallotionine, where it is

stored

□

In the blood, zinc is bound to albumin (a protein), also transferrin

like iron

Excess zinc is excreted in the feces

Absorption is reduced when:

High levels of nonheme (ferric) iron (which is from plants

instead of animals, like heme iron) are present

□

Phytates and diets high in fiber are consumed □

Consuming animal proteins improves zinc absorption

Zinc recycling (just like iron)

Zinc is part of pancreatic digestive juices□

Pancreatic juices are reabsorbed by the small intestine

Zinc is recycled to the pancreas to be reused

□

Zinc not reused is excreted in feces□

Small losses in urine, sweat, and sloughed-off skin and hair □

○

Metabolic Functions of Zinc

Helps wounds heal

Needed for DNA and RNA synthesis

Turns genes on and off□

Keeps the immune system healthy

May reduce duration of the common cold□

Acts as an antioxidant□

Reduces inflammation□

Part of enzymes and proteins that repair skin cells and

enhance their proliferation

□

Improves taste perception

May prevent age-related macular degeneration

○

Daily Needs for Zinc

Most adults are meeting their daily needs

Populations at risk:

Vegetarians □

○

Protein: cooked oyster (38.4 mg), cooked beef (flank, steak,

leak) 3 oz. (5.1 mg)

□

Grains: cereal 3/4 cup (15 mg)□

Food Sources of Zinc

Most zinc in the brand/ in the germ, so when processed not good so

need intake whole grain to get zinc

○

Zinc Toxicity

Upper level: 40 mg/ day

See these symptoms at like 50 mg□

Symptoms: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Excess can (takes quite a bit):

Interfere w/ copper absorption (60 mg)

This cascades and affects iron

□

Suppress the immune system □

Lower HDL cholesterol □

○

Zinc Deficiency

Delayed growth in children

Hair loss

Loss of appetite

Impaired sense of taste

Diarrhea

Delayed sexual maturation

Impotence

Skin rash

○

Selenium (Se)

Component of selenoproteins (proteins that contain selenium)

Most are enzymes

○

Selenomethionine is the most commone form in the diet

○

Absorption and transport are based on the individual's needs

Stored as selenomethionine or selenoprotein after absorption in a

variety of tissues

Kidneys maintain homeostasis

○

Metabolism of Selenium

○

Metabolic Functions of Selenium

Selenium is required by the thyroid

Regulates thyroid hormones□

Plays an antioxidant (like A, C, E) role and may help fight cancer

(because all antioxidants do)

Glutathione peroxidase: protects cells from free radical

damage

□

May reduce death from lung, colon, and prostate cancer

Slows growth of tumors

□

○

Daily Needs for Selenium

Most adults are meetings more than the recommended needs

Selenium is not generally listed on food labels unless the food has

been fortified

○

Food Sources of Selenium

Protein: brazil nuts 1/2 oz (544 mg), light tuna canned in

water 3 oz (68 mg), cooked salmon (47 mg), shrimp 3 oz (42

mg)

□

Don't really know because don't know soil □

○

Selenium Toxicity

Tolerable upper limit: 400 micrograms/ day

Selenosis

Brittle nails and hair, both of which may fall out□

Stomach and intestinal discomfort, skin rash, garlicky breath,

fatigue, and damage to nervous system

□

○

Selenium Deficiency

May trigger Keshan disease

Developing countries b/c worse soil□

Damages the heart□

Possible changes in thyroid hormone

○

Fluoride (F-)

Is not classified as essential because the body does not require it for

normal growth and development

○

Plays a critical role in developing strong teeth

○

Is found naturally in plants and animals, and often added to water supply

○

Is mostly absorbed in the small intestine

○

Metabolic Functions of Fluoride

Maintains healthy teeth

Forms fluoroapatite□

Fluoride from food, beverages, and toothpaste repairs eroded

enamel

□

Inhibits the interaction b/w bacteria and carbohydrate,

thereby reducing acid production

□

Fluoride in saliva helps remineralize the hydroxyapatite

structure of the tooth

□

Helps maintain strong bones

Combined w/ calcium and vitamin D

Increases bone mineral density

Reduces the incidence of osteoporosis

□

○

Daily Needs for Fluoride

Tolerable upper level: 10 mg/day

○

Food sources for Fluoride

Best source is fluoridated water and beverages and foods made w/

fluoridated water

Decaffeinated tea leaves

○

Fluoride Toxicity

Fluorosis in teeth and bones

When kid and teeth coming in□

Eat fluoride tooth paste□

○

Fluoride Deficiency

Increased susceptibility to dental caries

○

Chromium (Cr)

A mineral that was recently discovered to be needed by humans

○

Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is the active form found in food

○

Very little chromium is absorbed

Once absorbed, it is stored in a variety of tissues

○

Excreted in urine, especially w/ high sugar intake

○

Metabolic Functions of Chromium

Chromium helps insulin in the body

Increased insulin effectiveness in cells□

May improve insulin's effects on metabolism and storage of

energy-yielding nutrients

□

May improve blood glucose levels in individuals w/ diabetes

mellitus or prediabetes

□

May prevent or improve metabolic syndrome

Chromium does not improve weight or body composition

○

Daily Needs

Guys need more than girls

Most adults meet their daily chromium needs

Insufficient data to establish a UL

○

Grains: broccoli (22mg), mashed potatoes (3mg), peas 1 cup

(2mg)

□

Fruits: grape juice 1 cup (8 mg), OJ 1 cup (2 mg)□

Protein: ham 3 ox (3.6 mg), chicken breast 3 oz (2mg) □

Food Sources of Chromium

Also soil dependent

○

Chromium Toxicity

May reduce absorption, transportation, and utilization of iron by

binding to transferrin (same transport as iron)

No known risks of consuming excessive amounts in foods or

supplements

○

Chromium Deficiency

Rare in the U.S.

May increase blood glucose and fatty acids

○

Iodine (I)

Iodide, the ionic form of iodine is an essential mineral

○

Mandatory salt iodization significantly reduced the incidence of goiter in

the U.S.

Giant lump in neck (enlarged thyroid gland from thyroid deficiency),

like a tree trunk

○

Metabolic Functions of Iodine

Thyroid gland traps iodide and uses it to make the hormone

thyroxine (T4) which can be converted to triiodothyronine (T3)

Butterfly gland around trachea, traps □

Thyroid hormones help regulate:

Metabolic rate □

Reproduction □

Energy production in the TCA cycle □

Nerve, muscle, and heart function

CNS development (can't develop w/o thyroid hormone)

□

○

Daily Needs

Americans usually consume well over the established daily needs

Amount consumed in food somewhat on the amount of

iodine in soil, water, and fertilizer used to grow foods

□

UL: 1,100 micrograms /day

○

Protein: cod 3 oz (90 micrograms), shrimp 3 oz and 1/2 cup

cooked navy beans (35 micrograms), turkey breast 3 oz (34

micrograms)

□

Dairy: 1 cup of plain low-fat yogurt (75 micrograms), 1 cup of

reduced fat milk (56 micrograms)

□

Foods Sources of Iodine

1/2 tsp of salt give you all the iodine you need for the day

Not in table salt or kosher salt □

○

Iodine Toxicity

Impairs thyroid function and reduces the synthesis and release of

thyroxine

If toxicity, undoes the one thing thyroid supposed to help you w/

○

Iodine Deficiency

Simple goiter: enlarged thyroid gland

JUST ON MASTERING□

Secondary goiter

Goitrogens: substances in food that reduce the use of iodine

by the thyroid gland, resulting in goiter

Rutabagas, cabbage, soybeans, and peanuts

Like if on meds for thyroid, may cause meds to

not work as well

◊

□

During pregnancy

Damage to brain of the developing baby (like said very

important for development of CNS)

□

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

Abnormal sexual development □

Mental retardation □

Dwarfism □

○

Molybdenum (Mo)

Function

Cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes

Involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids

Oxidation-reduction reactions

○

Daily Needs

○

Foods Sources of Molybdenum

Legumes, grains, nuts

Dairy products

Leafy green vegetables

○

Molybdenum Toxicity

Shown to cause reproductive problems and kidney disorders in

animals

UL: 2mg/ day

Daily need 45 micrograms/day□

○

Molybdenum Deficiency

Not seen in healthy individuals

○

Manganese (Mn)

Part of, or activates, many enzymes in the body

○

Mostly found in bones and accessory organs of the digestive tract

○

Metabolic Functions of Manganese

Cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes involved in metabolism of

carbs, fats, and amino acids

Prevent oxidation of myelin sheath

Participates in formation of bone matrix

Helps build cartilage supporting the joints

○

Daily Needs

More in men

○

Foods Sources of Manganese

Whole grains

Nuts

Legumes

Tea

Vegetables

Fruits

○

Manganese Toxicity

Exposure to environmental pollutants

Industrial type: welding, w/ poor ventilation (asbestos?)□

Symptoms

Damage to the nervous system□

Symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease

So might not catch it

□

○

Manganese Deficiency

Rare

Phytates, calcium, and iron can interfere with absorption

Rash and scaly skin, low cholesterol

○

Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium: Are They Important to Health?

Their nutritional importance has not yet been established

○

Arsenic

2 types: organic (no known adverse issues) vs inorganic (cancer,

incr. heart disease and rice has this b/c rice soaks up this)

Suggestion rotate grains: quinoa, barley, etc.

○

Boron

Reproductive issues (and developmental probs) either way go w/

toxicity and deficiency

○

Nickel

Is essential in animals and may be essential to us

No data for toxicity in humans

UL set off animal testing

○

Silicon

Animals need it for bone formation so we may need to also

○

Vanadium

In animals seems to have an insulin-like animals

Will see it promoted in supplements

Have seen liver and kidney damage (esp probs w/ diabetes creates a

prob, but sometimes those on blood thinners)

Can lead to miscarriage

○

What Are Nutrient Deficient Anemias?

Anemias

Blood lacks enough healthy, normal-sized red blood cells to deliver

oxygen to the tissues

Classified by the size of the red blood cells

○

Most anemias are caused by non-nutritional factors

Losing too much blood

Insufficient red blood cell production

Red blood cells being destroyed

○

Other causes

Low nutrient intake

Malabsorption

Abnormal metabolism of nutrients

○

What are nutrient deficient anemias?

Microcytic anemia

Small red blood cells that lack color□

Lacks hemoglobin □

Most common cause

Iron deficiency

Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when there is

insufficient iron in the body. Women are at a

higher risk than men.

◊

In men and postmenopausal women:

Occurs due to blood losses from ulcers,

excess aspirin use, specific cancers

}

◊

Signs and symptoms:

Fatigue, pale skin color, irritability,

shortness of breath, sore tongue, brittle

nails, pica, headache in the frontal lobe,

blue tinge to the whites of the eyes,

decreased appetite

}

Children can develop irreversible

intellectual impairment

}

◊

Testing for iron-deficiency anemia involves simple

blood tests

Complete blood count or total iron-binding

capacity

}

◊

Treatment for iron-deficiency anemia

Iron supplements are needed

Ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, or

ferrous fumarate

–

Take iron w/ orange juice or other

vitamin C source

–

Avoid taking w/ milk or antacids

–

}

◊

□

Other causes

Vitamin B6 deficiency

Lack of PLP inhibits heme production

◊

□

Macrocytic anemia

Fewer, abnormally large red blood cells□

Contain sufficient hemoglobin □

Most common cause

Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency

□

Signs and symptoms

Loss of appetite, sore mouth and tongue, shortness of

breath, fatigue, heart palpitations, and pale lips and

eyelids

□

Testing

Mean cell volume, serum folate, and serum vitamin B12

□

Treatment

Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency: supplements

□

Pernicious anemia

A form of macrocytic anemia caused by the body's

inability to absorb vitamin B12

Cause

Typically a lack of intrinsic factor due to gastritis

or an autoimmune reaction that attacks the

parietal cells of the stomach

◊

Symptoms

Diarrhea or constipation, pale skin, problems

concentrating, shortness of breath

◊

Treatment

Intramuscular injections of vitamin B12

◊

□

○

Chpt. 13 Trace Minerals

Wednesday, March 28, 2018 1:31 PM

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What Are Trace Minerals and Why Do You Need Them?

The main trace minerals (microminerals)

Iron

Zinc

Selenium

Fluoride

Chromium

Copper

Iodine

Manganese

Molybdenum

○

Less then 5g of trace minerals are in the body

○

Daily dietary needs are less than 20 mg

○

Amount in plants depends on the amount contained in the soil in which

the plant was grown

○

Bioavailability of trace minerals can very according to:

Individual nutritional status

Other foods eaten

Form of the mineral

Presence of other minerals

○

Need minimal digestion for absorption

Some are recycled (such as Iron

○

Most trace minerals function as cofactors

Form part of an enzyme complex

Metalloenzymes: active enzymes that contain one or more metal

ions that are essential for their biological activity

○

Other roles

Assist hormone functions

Provide structure of bones and teeth

Maintain health of red blood cells

Component of antioxidants

○

Trace mineral deficiencies and toxicity are difficult to determine

Recommend intakes and tolerable upper limits are difficult to

establish

○

Iron (Fe)

Most abundant mineral on Earth and the most abundant trace mineral in

the body

○

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world

Iron-deficiency anemia is common in women of childbearing age

and in children

○

Two form of iron:

Heme iron

More bioavailable (2 to 3x more times)□

Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and part of cytochromes□

Found in animal foods

Meat, poultry, fish

□

Ferrous iron□

Nonheme iron

Found in plant foods

Grains, vegetables, enriched breads, and fortified

cereals

80% of iron consumed in foods

□

Ferric iron□

○

Iron Bioavailability

The bioavailability is influenced by several factor

Heme iron is 2 to 3x more bioavailable than nonheme iron

Nonheme iron binds to:

Oxalates (leafy vegetables)□

Polyphenols (tea and coffee)□

Nonheme iron absorption is enhanced with:

Vitamin C□

Meat, fish, and poultry (MFP) factor□

○

Iron Absorption and Transport

The absorption-transport mechanism of iron is tightly controlled to

prevent toxicity

Book goes into a lot more detail about this

Very tightly regulated system, unless intake supplement

to saturate it not gonna get a toxicity

So iron, once inside intestinal cell, stored as ferritin

Transferrin carries iron

Dependent on copper

◊

Hormonal regulation of iron absorption

Hepcidin: hormone that controls iron absorption

Inhibits ferroportin from transporting iron out of the

enterocyte into the portal blood

If blood levels of Fe too high, hepcidin released to

inhibit anymore Fe going out from ferritin

◊

Produced in liver

□

Stored iron affects iron absorption

Low iron stores increase intestinal iron absorption

□

High iron stores decrease intestinal iron absorption

Excess iron is excreted in the feces

After 5 days

◊

□

Iron recycling*

What keeps our iron levels good

□

95% of iron in the body is recycled and reused

□

Iron from degraded hemoglobin is salvaged (in liver)

60% of our Fe is hemoglobin

Make new red blood cells, incorporated into enzymes,

stored in ferritin

□

Most iron losses occur from bleeding

Ulcer, also seen in elderly population (anemia, colon

cancer which is bleeding from colon which you probably

wouldn't notice)

□

○

Metabolic Functions of Iron

Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions

Major component of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

□

This is why people w/ iron deficiency tired, not enough

oxygen

□

Participates in energy metabolism

Part of cytochromes in the mitochondria

□

Immune function

Needed to produce lymphocytes and macrophages

□

Protects cell membranes from free radical damage

□

Needed for brain function

Helps enzymes involve in the production of neurotransmitters

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

□

Deficiency during the early years of childhood is associated w/

decreased cognitive ability during the later school years

Mirror ADHD symptoms, because delays cognitive

functions and permanent

□

○

Daily Needs of Iron

Dietary needs of vegetarians are 1.8x higher than those of non-

vegetarians

Female vegetarians need 32, 33mgs

○

Food Sources of Iron

Grains: oatmeal, quinoa, whole-wheat bread

○

Iron Toxicity

Symptoms include constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

UL: 45 mg/ day (don't need to get close to that)

Amount is too high for individuals with:

Liver disease

Other disease that affect iron stores in the body

□

More likely to occur w/ supplementation or in individuals w/ the

genetic disorder hemochromatosis

Iron poisoning in children

Accidental consumption of supplements (like candy)

containing iron is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in

children under age 6

□

Iron overload

Buildup of excess stores of iron over several years □

Can damage organs and tissues□

Hemochromatosis can cause overload

A genetic disorder in which individuals absorb too much

dietary iron (basically where store too much iron)

If don't catch early, damage organs and tissues

□

Other effects of too much iron

Stimulate free radical production

May contribute to heart disease

May increase risk for cancer

□

○

Iron Deficiency

Iron-deficiency anemia

Hemoglobin levels decrease (microcytic anemia, which are

pale red blood cells)

□

Oxygen delivery to tissues diminished □

Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, reduced ability to fight

infection

Populations at risk

Pregnant women □

Menstruating women and teenage girls (especially those w/

heavy blood losses)

Or anyone else losing blood

□

Preterm or low birth weight infants□

Older infants and toddlers□

○

Copper (Cu)

Copper is found in two forms in the body

The oxidized form: Cupric (Cu2+)

The reduced form: Cuprous (Cu+)

○

Copper Absorption and Transport

Don't really know much about copper absorption

Mostly absorbed in the small intestine, based on need

Very little stored in the body

Bioavailability is enhanced by amino acids

Amino acids (sulfur containing) enhance copper bioavailability

Phytates, specifically zinc (because copper is stored in a zinc

complex), and other microminerals reduce bioavailability

○

Metabolic Functions of Copper

Part of several metalloenzymes (responsible for these enzymes

working) and proteins

Needed for oxidation reactions and reducing free radical

damage

□

Part of enzyme that oxidizes iron to ferric form□

□

Assists in energy production

Links the proteins collagen and elastin together in connective tissue

Part of superoxide dismutase, helping protect against free radical

damage

Synthesizes melanin

Plays a role in blood clotting and maintaining a healthy immune

system

○

Food Sources of Copper

Vegetables: mushrooms (782 mg), 1 cup vegetable juice (484)□

Protein: 1/2 oz walnuts (450 mg)□

Grain: 1 cup quinoa (400 mg) □

Chicken, potatos are an ok source □

But seafoods and nuts best source□

○

Copper Toxicity

Symptoms

Stomach pains and cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and

liver damage

□

○

Copper Deficiency

Rare

Symptoms: fatigue and weakness

Anemia type, (underfed, malnourished)□

Populations

Premature infants who are fed milk formulas, malnourished

infants fed cow's milk, and individuals on IV feedings w/

inadequate amounts of copper

□

○

Genetic disorders that affect copper metabolism (QUESTION ON

MASTERING)

Menkes disease (rare genetic disorder)

Copper transport disorder

Low copper issue

□

Accumulation (in certain organs b/c transport issue) can cause

developmental problems, osteoporosis, cardiovascular

disease, and death

Children normally don't live past their first decade so

not much research on this

□

Wilson's disease (genetic disorder)

Prevents the body from excreting copper through the bile□

Accumulation can cause liver and brain damage□

It is manageable □

○

Zinc (Zn2+)

Found in very small amounts in almost every cell of the body

Mostly in bone and muscle

○

Involved in the function of more than 100 metalloenzymes, including

those used for protein synthesis

○

Zinc Absorption and Transport

Controlled at the small intestine

After absorption, it is bound to metallotionine, where it is

stored

□

In the blood, zinc is bound to albumin (a protein), also transferrin

like iron

Excess zinc is excreted in the feces

Absorption is reduced when:

High levels of nonheme (ferric) iron (which is from plants

instead of animals, like heme iron) are present

□

Phytates and diets high in fiber are consumed □

Consuming animal proteins improves zinc absorption

Zinc recycling (just like iron)

Zinc is part of pancreatic digestive juices□

Pancreatic juices are reabsorbed by the small intestine

Zinc is recycled to the pancreas to be reused

□

Zinc not reused is excreted in feces□

Small losses in urine, sweat, and sloughed-off skin and hair □

○

Metabolic Functions of Zinc

Helps wounds heal

Needed for DNA and RNA synthesis

Turns genes on and off□

Keeps the immune system healthy

May reduce duration of the common cold□

Acts as an antioxidant□

Reduces inflammation□

Part of enzymes and proteins that repair skin cells and

enhance their proliferation

□

Improves taste perception

May prevent age-related macular degeneration

○

Daily Needs for Zinc

Most adults are meeting their daily needs

Populations at risk:

Vegetarians □

○

Protein: cooked oyster (38.4 mg), cooked beef (flank, steak,

leak) 3 oz. (5.1 mg)

□

Grains: cereal 3/4 cup (15 mg)□

Food Sources of Zinc

Most zinc in the brand/ in the germ, so when processed not good so

need intake whole grain to get zinc

○

Zinc Toxicity

Upper level: 40 mg/ day

See these symptoms at like 50 mg□

Symptoms: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Excess can (takes quite a bit):

Interfere w/ copper absorption (60 mg)

This cascades and affects iron

□

Suppress the immune system □

Lower HDL cholesterol □

○

Zinc Deficiency

Delayed growth in children

Hair loss

Loss of appetite

Impaired sense of taste

Diarrhea

Delayed sexual maturation

Impotence

Skin rash

○

Selenium (Se)

Component of selenoproteins (proteins that contain selenium)

Most are enzymes

○

Selenomethionine is the most commone form in the diet

○

Absorption and transport are based on the individual's needs

Stored as selenomethionine or selenoprotein after absorption in a

variety of tissues

Kidneys maintain homeostasis

○

Metabolism of Selenium

○

Metabolic Functions of Selenium

Selenium is required by the thyroid

Regulates thyroid hormones□

Plays an antioxidant (like A, C, E) role and may help fight cancer

(because all antioxidants do)

Glutathione peroxidase: protects cells from free radical

damage

□

May reduce death from lung, colon, and prostate cancer

Slows growth of tumors

□

○

Daily Needs for Selenium

Most adults are meetings more than the recommended needs

Selenium is not generally listed on food labels unless the food has

been fortified

○

Food Sources of Selenium

Protein: brazil nuts 1/2 oz (544 mg), light tuna canned in

water 3 oz (68 mg), cooked salmon (47 mg), shrimp 3 oz (42

mg)

□

Don't really know because don't know soil □

○

Selenium Toxicity

Tolerable upper limit: 400 micrograms/ day

Selenosis

Brittle nails and hair, both of which may fall out□

Stomach and intestinal discomfort, skin rash, garlicky breath,

fatigue, and damage to nervous system

□

○

Selenium Deficiency

May trigger Keshan disease

Developing countries b/c worse soil□

Damages the heart□

Possible changes in thyroid hormone

○

Fluoride (F-)

Is not classified as essential because the body does not require it for

normal growth and development

○

Plays a critical role in developing strong teeth

○

Is found naturally in plants and animals, and often added to water supply

○

Is mostly absorbed in the small intestine

○

Metabolic Functions of Fluoride

Maintains healthy teeth

Forms fluoroapatite□

Fluoride from food, beverages, and toothpaste repairs eroded

enamel

□

Inhibits the interaction b/w bacteria and carbohydrate,

thereby reducing acid production

□

Fluoride in saliva helps remineralize the hydroxyapatite

structure of the tooth

□

Helps maintain strong bones

Combined w/ calcium and vitamin D

Increases bone mineral density

Reduces the incidence of osteoporosis

□

○

Daily Needs for Fluoride

Tolerable upper level: 10 mg/day

○

Food sources for Fluoride

Best source is fluoridated water and beverages and foods made w/

fluoridated water

Decaffeinated tea leaves

○

Fluoride Toxicity

Fluorosis in teeth and bones

When kid and teeth coming in□

Eat fluoride tooth paste□

○

Fluoride Deficiency

Increased susceptibility to dental caries

○

Chromium (Cr)

A mineral that was recently discovered to be needed by humans

○

Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is the active form found in food

○

Very little chromium is absorbed

Once absorbed, it is stored in a variety of tissues

○

Excreted in urine, especially w/ high sugar intake

○

Metabolic Functions of Chromium

Chromium helps insulin in the body

Increased insulin effectiveness in cells□

May improve insulin's effects on metabolism and storage of

energy-yielding nutrients

□

May improve blood glucose levels in individuals w/ diabetes

mellitus or prediabetes

□

May prevent or improve metabolic syndrome

Chromium does not improve weight or body composition

○

Daily Needs

Guys need more than girls

Most adults meet their daily chromium needs

Insufficient data to establish a UL

○

Grains: broccoli (22mg), mashed potatoes (3mg), peas 1 cup

(2mg)

□

Fruits: grape juice 1 cup (8 mg), OJ 1 cup (2 mg)□

Protein: ham 3 ox (3.6 mg), chicken breast 3 oz (2mg) □

Food Sources of Chromium

Also soil dependent

○

Chromium Toxicity

May reduce absorption, transportation, and utilization of iron by

binding to transferrin (same transport as iron)

No known risks of consuming excessive amounts in foods or

supplements

○

Chromium Deficiency

Rare in the U.S.

May increase blood glucose and fatty acids

○

Iodine (I)

Iodide, the ionic form of iodine is an essential mineral

○

Mandatory salt iodization significantly reduced the incidence of goiter in

the U.S.

Giant lump in neck (enlarged thyroid gland from thyroid deficiency),

like a tree trunk

○

Metabolic Functions of Iodine

Thyroid gland traps iodide and uses it to make the hormone

thyroxine (T4) which can be converted to triiodothyronine (T3)

Butterfly gland around trachea, traps □

Thyroid hormones help regulate:

Metabolic rate □

Reproduction □

Energy production in the TCA cycle □

Nerve, muscle, and heart function

CNS development (can't develop w/o thyroid hormone)

□

○

Daily Needs

Americans usually consume well over the established daily needs

Amount consumed in food somewhat on the amount of

iodine in soil, water, and fertilizer used to grow foods

□

UL: 1,100 micrograms /day

○

Protein: cod 3 oz (90 micrograms), shrimp 3 oz and 1/2 cup

cooked navy beans (35 micrograms), turkey breast 3 oz (34

micrograms)

□

Dairy: 1 cup of plain low-fat yogurt (75 micrograms), 1 cup of

reduced fat milk (56 micrograms)

□

Foods Sources of Iodine

1/2 tsp of salt give you all the iodine you need for the day

Not in table salt or kosher salt □

○

Iodine Toxicity

Impairs thyroid function and reduces the synthesis and release of

thyroxine

If toxicity, undoes the one thing thyroid supposed to help you w/

○

Iodine Deficiency

Simple goiter: enlarged thyroid gland

JUST ON MASTERING□

Secondary goiter

Goitrogens: substances in food that reduce the use of iodine

by the thyroid gland, resulting in goiter

Rutabagas, cabbage, soybeans, and peanuts

Like if on meds for thyroid, may cause meds to

not work as well

◊

□

During pregnancy

Damage to brain of the developing baby (like said very

important for development of CNS)

□

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

Abnormal sexual development □

Mental retardation □

Dwarfism □

○

Molybdenum (Mo)

Function

Cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes

Involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids

Oxidation-reduction reactions

○

Daily Needs

○

Foods Sources of Molybdenum

Legumes, grains, nuts

Dairy products

Leafy green vegetables

○

Molybdenum Toxicity

Shown to cause reproductive problems and kidney disorders in

animals

UL: 2mg/ day

Daily need 45 micrograms/day□

○

Molybdenum Deficiency

Not seen in healthy individuals

○

Manganese (Mn)

Part of, or activates, many enzymes in the body

○

Mostly found in bones and accessory organs of the digestive tract

○

Metabolic Functions of Manganese

Cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes involved in metabolism of

carbs, fats, and amino acids

Prevent oxidation of myelin sheath

Participates in formation of bone matrix

Helps build cartilage supporting the joints

○

Daily Needs

Document Summary

Less then 5g of trace minerals are in the body. Daily dietary needs are less than 20 mg. Amount in plants depends on the amount contained in the soil in which the plant was grown. Bioavailability of trace minerals can very according to: Metalloenzymes: active enzymes that contain one or more metal ions that are essential for their biological activity. Trace mineral deficiencies and toxicity are difficult to determine. Recommend intakes and tolerable upper limits are difficult to establish establish. Most abundant mineral on earth and the most abundant trace mineral in the body. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world. Iron-deficiency anemia is common in women of childbearing age and in children. Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and part of cytochromes. Heme iron is 2 to 3x more bioavailable than nonheme iron. The absorption-transport mechanism of iron is tightly controlled to prevent toxicity. Book goes into a lot more detail about this.

NUTR 2105 Lecture 13: Chapter 13 Trace Minerals

Document Summary

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