ENVS 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Water Cycle, Virtual Water, Transpiration

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blushwasp460

13 Dec 2016

School

CU-Boulder

Department

Environmental Studies

Course

ENVS 1000

Professor

J.White

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ENVS: The Water Cycle

The Hydrologic Cycle

● Evaporation:

○ Liquid to vapor without plants

○ Water moves from areas of high concentration (soils and liquid pools) to low

concentration (atmosphere)

○ It takes energy to convert liquid water into vapor. That energy is released when

vapor condenses

○ As temperature increases, it can hold more moisture

○ Evaporation proceeds as long as there is liquid and the air is not saturated

● Transpiration:

○ Liquid to vapor via plants

○ Depends on the plant and how it controls the opening and closing of the stomata

■ Plants tap into deeper groundwater

■ Plants may cease to transpire if the plant wilts

● Evapotranspiration:

○ Both evaporation and transpiration

Carbon and Water

● Plants trade water loss of carbon gain.

○ CO2 enters through the stomata, water is lost

● Plants connect the carbon and water cycle

Two major sources of water for humans

● Surface freshwater:

○ Renewable resource but can be variable over time (droughts)

○ Free flowing, rapid resupply, linked to fast-cycling parts of the hydrologic cycle

● Groundwater:

○ Largely non-renewable (on human timescales) but high quality and reliable (until

it runs out)

Consumptive vs. nonconsumptive

● Consumptive:

○ Removes water from local/regional/national cycle

○ Water is not available for reuse

● Non-Consumptive:

○ Returns water to local/regional/national cycle

○ Water can be reused

● Domestic:

○ Non-consumptive

● Industrial:

○ Both consumptive and nonconsumptive

● Agricultural:

○ Consumptive

Agricultural water use

● Increase in agriculture caused by:

○ Improved crop varieties

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Document Summary

Water moves from areas of high concentration (soils and liquid pools) to low concentration (atmosphere) It takes energy to convert liquid water into vapor. As temperature increases, it can hold more moisture. Evaporation proceeds as long as there is liquid and the air is not saturated. Depends on the plant and how it controls the opening and closing of the stomata. Plants may cease to transpire if the plant wilts. Plants trade water loss of carbon gain. Co2 enters through the stomata, water is lost. Plants connect the carbon and water cycle. Renewable resource but can be variable over time (droughts) Free flowing, rapid resupply, linked to fast-cycling parts of the hydrologic cycle. Largely non-renewable (on human timescales) but high quality and reliable (until. 1. 7 million people die from drinking contaminated drinking water. Nearly all in the least developed portions of the world. The key to wise use of groundwater is that recharge must balance withdrawal.

Related Questions

Assigned as

Homework

The drought associated with global warming is due to to which of the following?

The dramatic decrease in land and food cultivation which does not release enough green house gases in the atmosphere.

The dramatic decrease in green house gases in the atmosphere due to the rapacious appetite mankind has for world domination.

The dramatic increase in green house gases in the atmosphere due to the rapacious appetite mankind has for land, food, and water that are playing a major role in global warming.

All of the above answers are correct

Unanswered

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Assigned as

Homework

Chinese dynasties depended on ______________ for the growth of their rice crops.

Monsoons

Slaves

Fertile soil

Dry weather

Unanswered

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Assigned as

Homework

Which of the following is a reason as to why droughts are so important?(Be complete with your answer)

As a consequence of a decrease in food production, starvation and migration will cause international unrest

It helps promote well being through the world and population growth All of these

As a consequence of a decrease in wheat, rice, cattle, etc, people will eat more and live longer.

All of these answers are correct

Unanswered

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Assigned as

Homework

The hydrogen ion from water is a key ingredient for which of the following?

producing the ATP that water needs to develop its own protein, carbohydrates and lipids.

Breaking down the nutrients that the plant needs to develop its own lipids.

Producing the mitochondria that the plant needs to develop its own protein and lipids.

Producing the ATP that the plant needs to develop its own protein, carbohydrates and lipids.

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Homework

How do human activities interfere with the water cycle?

Removing or damaging the worldâs forests

Polluting water

Drawing large amounts from surface sources and groundwaters

All of these answers are correct

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Which of the following describes guard cells?

Cells that release water vapor from the plant into the trunk.

Cells that release water vapor from the plant into the ground.

Cells that release pesticides in order to protect the plant.

Cells that release water vapor from the plant into the atmosphere.

Unanswered

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How much does a tree transpire water per year?

50,000 - 100,000 gallons

1,000 - 10,000 gallons

5,000 - 10,000 gallons

5,000 - 50,000 gallons

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Assigned as

Homework

CO2 and H20 have which of the following effects in common?

Act upon soil quality

Act upon cloud quality

Act upon the salinity of basins

Act upon the pH of the ocean

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Homework

If the population of the earth continues to grow there will not be enough ______________ for the young populations in ______________ countries.

Food; developed

Food; western

Work; european

Work; developing

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Match the word with its correct definition (match numbered words (1,2,3,4) with definitions (A,B,C,D))

Transpiration

conversion of liquid water into gas or water vapor

Evaporation

downward movement of liquid water through soil

Infiltration

movement of liquid water from plant roots and upward in vessels and into the atmosphere from the leaves as water vapor

The Water Cycle

Operates similarly to other biogeochemical cycles in which the chemicals associated with plant and animal nutrients move through the atmosphere

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Which of the following provides evidence for evolution?

All of these answers are correct

Comparing DNA sequences between species

Looking at the geographic distribution of similar species

Analyzing transitional fossils

Which one of the following statements is true?

Natural selection works on non-heritable traits.

Mutations only give rise to harmful traits.

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

Individuals evolve through natural selection.

Which one of the following can create new alleles?

Which of the following is true concerning evolution?

An individual can evolve

Genetic drift is a non-random part of natural selection

An organism's fitness is determined by how long it survives

Natural selection occurs through a change in allele frequency

All living things need carbon. How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide taken in by photosynthesis.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide taken in by soil bacteria.

Elemental carbon taken in by plant roots.

Elemental carbon taken in by cellular respiration.

Elemental carbon taken in by cellular transpiration.

The burning of fossil fuels:

Releases excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Removes pollutants from the atmosphere.

Was developed by scientists to combat global climate change.

Has no effect on the carbon cycle.

Is good for the environment

__________ conducts water and dissolved minerals from the __________ to the ___________.

Phloem; roots; shoots

Xylem; roots; shoots

Phloem; shoots; roots

Xylem; shoots; roots

What is a disadvantage of growing traditional crops such as corn, soy or sugar cane for making biofuel?

they require lots of land and fresh water

they take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere

they release oxygen into the atmosphere

they release water through their stomata

______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.

Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water?

Question 55.55. The fact that marsupials are not as diverse inSouth America as they are in Australia would be classified as whattype of evidence for evolution? (Points : 1.25)

biogeographical

anatomical

biochemical

fossil record

molecular evidence

Question 56.56. What is the name of the hypothesis that statesthat the very first living thing came from nonliving chemicals?(Points : 1.25)

cell theory

chemical evolution

Darwinian evolution

speciation

organic chemistry

Question 57.57. What structures are necessary for thereplication process to occur in a cell? (Points : 1.25)

enzymatic proteins

carbohydrates

lipids

starches

viruses

Question 58.58. The flipper of a whale and the wing of a birdare homologous structures. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 59.59. Both the RNA-first and the protein-firsthypotheses must propose a manner for DNA to become the geneticmaterial as it is today. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 60.60. The early atmosphere of Earth consisted mainlyof (Points : 1.25)

hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

oxygen, water vapor, and carbon monoxide.

water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen.

water vapor, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.

Question 61.61. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles isa sedimentary cycle? (Points : 1.25)

carbon

nitrogen

phosphorus

water

ice

Question 62.62. What two characteristics define a biome? (Points: 1.25)

temperature and the types of plants found there

amount of precipitation and the types of plantsfound there

temperature and rainfall

latitude and rainfall

altitude and temperature

Question 63.63. The atmosphere would be considered whatcomponent of a chemical cycle? (Points : 1.25)

reservoir

exchange pool

biotic community

source

none of these

Question 64.64. Are humans capable of upsetting globalbiogeochemical cycles with their activities? (Points : 1.25)

YES

Question 65.65. The richest marine ecosystems are those in theopen water where large fish abound. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 66.66. What is involved in the process ofdenitrification? (Points : 1.25)

conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium

conversion of nitrogen gas to nitrate

conversion of ammonium to nitrate

conversion of nitrite to nitrate

conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas

Question 67.67. What is the loss of water from plants called?(Points : 1.25)

runoff

precipitation

evaporation

transpiration

transference

Question 68.68. Decomposers perform a valuable service becausethey recycle nutrients. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 69.69. There is more nitrogen gas in the atmospherethan there is oxygen. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 70.70. Which of the following defines an ecosystems?(Points : 1.25)

a group of organisms of the same speciesinteracting together

all of the living organisms in an area interactingtogether

all living organisms and the nonliving environmentinteracting together

aspects of the nonliving environment interactingtogether

all the places on Earth where living organisms canbe found

Question 71.71. In MDCs, many people do not eat enough protein.(Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 72.72. The age structure diagram of MDCs is shaped like(Points : 1.25)

a pyramid.

an inverted pyramid.

a rectangle.

an oval.

a cube.

Question 73.73. The biggest problem in moving toward asustainable society with the LDCs is overconsumption. (Points :1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 74.74. A sustainable society is one that provides allof the goods and services desired by humans. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE

FALSE

Question 75.75. In order to have a negative population growthrate, (Points : 1.25)

the birthrate must exceed the death rate.

the biotic potential of the population mustincrease.

the death rate must exceed the birth rate.

the carrying capacity for the population mustincrease.

only replacement reproduction can occur.

Question 76.76. Why should pregnant women and small children noteat certain fish? (Points : 1.25)

herbicide contamination

mercury contamination

pesticide contamination

lead contamination

PCB contamination

Question 77.77. What do hydropower and wind power have incommon? (Points : 1.25)

Both require the building of dams.

Both lead to an increase in greenhouse gasemissions.

Both are renewable energy sources.

Both result in the depletion of fossil fuels.

Both require the use of photovoltaic cells.

Question 78.78. Which organism would be most impacted bybiomagnification? (Points : 1.25)

eagles

rabbits

wheat plants

earthworms

corn

Question 79.79. Most of the freshwater in the world is used for(Points : 1.25)

drinking.

bathing.

irrigation.

watering lawns.

industrial needs.

Question 80.80. Which of the following is not associated withgroundwater depletion? (Points : 1.25)

subsidence

sinkholes

saltwater intrusion

lowering of the water table

sediment buildup

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ENVS 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Water Cycle, Virtual Water, Transpiration

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