EBIO 1210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Sister Chromatids, Dysplasia, Cyclin A

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blueant723

26 Oct 2016

School

CU-Boulder

Department

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Course

EBIO 1210

Professor

Dr.William Adams

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Document Summary

Suppose a scientist tricked a cell to ski straight from g1 phase (to interphase) to the mitotic phase. Which of the following processes would be impossible for the cell during mitosis: separation of sister chromatids. Outline : cell cycle and mitosis, regulation of the cell cycle, checkpoints, the cell cycle is regulated by proteins in the cytoplasm, cancer result from a loss of cycle control, the concept of checkpoints. Mitotic checkpoints: move on to the next phase only if conditions are right. Prevents sick or precancerous cells from dividing and maintains proper cell number. Cell anchorage: regulation of cell cycle. Concentrations of proteins in the cytoplasm regulate the cycle. Cyclins are one example there are two checkpoints and other molecules at work. If anything is out of whack, the cell cycle is stopped by: Both of these processes act to prevent the cell from crossing the checkpoint between g2 and the mitotic phase.

Related Questions

M2A1 Worksheet: Mitosis and Meiosis

A dog is a diploid organisms and has 39 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 78), where n = 39 chromosomes from each parent. Use this example to answer the following question regarding chromosomal number.

INTERPHASE

How many chromosomes are present in the somatic cell?

What do they look like?

What are they âdoingâ in G1 of this phase?

What is happening in the S phase?

What is happening in the G2 phase?

What follows G2 phase in a somatic cell?

What follows G2 phase in a gamete cell?

MITOSIS

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in the daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in the daughter cell.

How many daughter cells are produced?

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid?

How many cell divisions take place?

In what type of cell does this division occur?

Meiosis 1:

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis 1?

Meiosis II:

Number of chromosomes in the âparentâ cell (which is a daughter cell from Meiosis I).

Number of chromatids in the âparentâ cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis II?

Which phase or phases of Meiosis account for the genetic variability among the daughter cells? Howâ¦ what happens in this phase to create the diversity?

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosisâ¦..

How many daughter cells result from Mitosis? Are they diploid or haploid?

How many daughter cells result from Meiosis? Are they diploid or Haploid?

Cell structures and function: Match each organelle to its function:

Organelle Function

Lysosome 1. Lipid synthesis

Rough ER 2. Houses DNA

Nucleus 3. Energy extraction

Smooth ER 4. Dismantles debris

Golgi apparatus 5. detoxification

Mitochondria 6. Protein synthesis

Peroxisome 7. Processes secretions

What is the function of checkpoint proteins in the cell cycle?

How can all of a personâs cells contain exactly the same genetic material, yet specialize as bone cells, nerve cells, muscle cells and connective tissues?

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

Briefly, in one or two sentences, distinguish between

a bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell

interphase and mitosis

mitosis and apoptosis

an autosome and a sex chromosome

homologous pair of chromosomes and a sister chromatid

centromere and centriole

chromosome and chromatid

monozygotic and dizygotic twins

allele and gene

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

indigohedgehog242

Which of the following best describes what happens next to the energy from a photon of light after it excites an electron in the pigment molecule of a plant?

a. The excited electron carries the energy to the primary electron acceptor in the reaction center complex

b. the energy is released as heat and the electron drops back down to its ground state

c. the energy is passed to the other electrons in the light-harvesting complex until it reaches the reaction center complex and reduces the primary electron acceptor

d. the energy is released as light and the electron drops back down to its ground state

e. the excited electron carries the energy to the reaction center complex and oxidizes the primary electron acceptor

2. chromosomes are replicated in the _______ of a cell and sister chromatids are separated in the ____

a. nucleus; cytosol

b. nuclear envelope; nucleus

c. nuclear lamina, nucleus

d. cytosol; cytosol

e. centriole; nucleus

3.which of the following accurately describes a difference between sister chromatids and a chromosome?

a. a pair of sister chromatids contain 2 double-stranded molecules of DNA and a chromosome has 4 double-stranded molecules of DNA

b. each sister chromatid has a single strand of DNA and chromosomes have 2

c. sister chromatids have centromeres and a chromosome does not

d. a pair of sister chromatids contain identical genes, and a chromosome does not

e. sister chromatids are produced during M phase and chromosomes are always present in the cell cycle

4. all of the following take place during mitosis except..

a. DNA is proofread for replication errors

b. chromosomes are replicated

c. the mitotic spindle is formed

d. the nuclear envelope breaks down

e. sister chromatids are separated

f. A and B only

g. B and C only

h. C and D only

i. D and E only

EBIO 1210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Sister Chromatids, Dysplasia, Cyclin A

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