BMS 460 Lecture Notes - Jugular Vein, Shortness Of Breath, Sinus Bradycardia
26 Apr 2014
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Drop in blood pressure upon standing syncope. Dehydration, hypovolemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood loss, diuretics, antihypertensives and pain medication. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction: poor vasoconstriction or limited heart rate increase. Six principal mechanisms cause cardiac dysfunction which can operate alone or in combinations. Pump failure: ejection fraction is often lower than normal as the cardiac muscle contracts with poor inotropy and consequently cannot empty properly. In some cases the diastolic function is also poor due to poor relaxation of the ventricular walls. Obstruction of flow: atherosclerotic lesions or stenotic valves can obstruct flow and cause increased workload on the heart. Shunted flow: blood can be diverted from one part of the heart to another through defects that may be congenital (left ventricle to right ventricle through ventricular septal defect) or acquired (myocardial infarction) Rupture of the heart or a major vessel: a gunshot wound to the heart or aorta can result in massive catastrophic bleeding.
