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BIOL 1111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Capsid, Lysis, Antibiotics

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scarletmouse537
5 Mar 2017
School
Clemson University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1111
Professor
Robert Kosinski

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Document Summary

Cant break down organic matter and store its energy. Heredity in viruses is based on nucleic acid. Can sense signals from their environment and react. Whether or not they have dna or rna depends on the type of virus. Capsid: protein shell that protects dna or rna. Reproduction: infect host cell and use its machinery in order to create more of them. 70% marine prokaryotes are infected with a virus. Viruses contribute to a large portion of marine mortality. <50% of the oceans biomass could possibly consist of viruses. When a virus lyses bacteria = increase amount of free dna that can be taken up and used by other cells. Transfer genes directly to humans and bacteria. Viruses speed this up with the transfer of dna. Capsids use many repeats of the same protein. Viral protein spikes: allow virus to lock on the surface of the cell. Rely on receptors on the viral surface.

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Related Questions

1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme rendersthe protein non-functional. How would the affect the HIV infectioncycle?

Formation of the provirus would bestopped.
Reverse transcription would nolonger be possible.
The gp120 glycoprotein would nolonger be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor.

Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.

2. If the viral gene is AUGCCCAGG and the mRNA used to make theviral protein is UACGGGUCC, then the virus is a :

Negative strand RNA virus
Double stranded DNA virus
Retrovirus

Positive strand RNA virus

3. Would treating prions with enzymes that digest nucleotides bean effective neutralization method?

No, prions lack amino acids.
Yes, prion nucleic acids would besusceptible to enzymatic digestion.
No, prions lack phosphodiesterbonds and would not be subject to digestion by these types ofenzymes.

Yes, the bonds between the amino acids would be hydrolyzed.

4. Most Americans born before 1970 have a permanent scar ontheir shoulders from the smallpox vaccine. Why don't youngerAmericans have one?

Smallpox has been eradicated by aworldwide vaccination program.
Smallpox is no longer lethal.
A safer less damaging vaccine wasdeveloped in the early 1970's.

The vaccine is no longer effective due to antigenic shift.

5. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to causeinfections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicalsthat would destroy all proteinaceous material?

A virus
A bacterium
A prion
A fungus

A viroid

6. Select all of the false statements concerning AIDS.

AIDS kills the patient.
Patients die as a result ofopportunistic infections.
AIDS shuts down the immunesystem.
HIV therapy (HAART) can clear thevirus from the bloodstream.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from the patient'sbody.

7. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Viruses only attack epithelialcells, such as the cells lining the lungs.
If a host cell is weakened, viruseshave an easier time infecting it.
The initial choice is random butonce a cell type is chosen it becomes the preferred host.
The host cells have the correctsurface receptor that the virus can fit into.

Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.

8. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highlyeffective against many types of viruses. They work by halting thereplication of viral genes. They are equally effective at stoppingthe spread of prion diseases.

True

False

9. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleavephosphodiester bonds. How would the affect a virus?

Dissociate the envelope
Fragment the genome
Hydrolyze the protein coating
Alter the host binding site

Digest the capsid

10. HIV uses cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Whydoes switching from a CCR5 co-receptor to a CXCR4 co-receptoreventually shut down the immune system?

Macrophages have CCR5co-receptors.
T-helper cells have CXCR4co-receptors.
T-helper cells are not involved incoordinating immune responses.
Only macrophages are killed byHIV.

1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme rendersthe protein non-functional. How would the affect the HIV infectioncycle?

Formation of the provirus would be stopped.
Reverse transcription would no longer be possible.
The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5receptor.
Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.

2. If the viral gene is AUGCCCAGG and the mRNA used to make theviral protein is UACGGGUCC, then the virus is a :

Negative strand RNA virus
Double stranded DNA virus
Retrovirus
Positive strand RNA virus

3. Would treating prions with enzymes that digest nucleotides bean effective neutralization method?

No, prions lack amino acids.
Yes, prion nucleic acids would be susceptible to enzymaticdigestion.
No, prions lack phosphodiester bonds and would not be subject todigestion by these types of enzymes.
Yes, the bonds between the amino acids would be hydrolyzed.

4. Most Americans born before 1970 have a permanent scar ontheir shoulders from the smallpox vaccine. Why don't youngerAmericans have one?

Smallpox has been eradicated by a worldwide vaccinationprogram.
Smallpox is no longer lethal.
A safer less damaging vaccine was developed in the early1970's.
The vaccine is no longer effective due to antigenic shift.

5. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to causeinfections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicalsthat would destroy all proteinaceous material?

A virus
A bacterium
A prion
A fungus
A viroid

6. Select all of the false statements concerning AIDS.

AIDS kills the patient.
Patients die as a result of opportunisticinfections.
AIDS shuts down the immune system.
HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from thebloodstream.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from the patient'sbody.

7. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Viruses only attack epithelial cells, such as the cells liningthe lungs.
If a host cell is weakened, viruses have an easier time infectingit.
The initial choice is random but once a cell type is chosen itbecomes the preferred host.
The host cells have the correct surface receptor that the virus canfit into.
Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.

8. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highlyeffective against many types of viruses. They work by halting thereplication of viral genes. They are equally effective at stoppingthe spread of prion diseases.

True
False

9. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleavephosphodiester bonds. How would the affect a virus?

Dissociate the envelope
Fragment the genome
Hydrolyze the protein coating
Alter the host binding site
Digest the capsid

10. HIV uses cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Whydoes switching from a CCR5 co-receptor to a CXCR4 co-receptoreventually shut down the immune system?

Macrophages have CCR5 co-receptors.
T-helper cells have CXCR4 co-receptors.
T-helper cells are not involved in coordinating immuneresponses.
Only macrophages are killed by HIV.

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

51

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

A

Pathogen

B

Rotomers

C

Antigen

D

Antibody

E

Troll receptor

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

Assigned as

Homework

52

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

A

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

B

To kill infected B cells

C

To help balance electrolytes

D

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

Assigned as

Homework

53

The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

A

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

B

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

C

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

D

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

54

In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

A

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

B

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

C

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

D

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

Assigned as

Homework

55

An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

A

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

B

When the immune system is not present

C

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

D

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

Assigned as

Homework

56

Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

A

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

B

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

C

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

D

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

E

All of the above

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

Assigned as

Homework

57

The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

A

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

B

Herpes Simplex

C

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

D

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

Assigned as

Homework

58

Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

A

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

B

Retretoxin and butotoxin

C

Endotoxins and exotoxins

D

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

Assigned as

Homework

59

Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

A

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

B

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

C

STDs are transmitted through sex only

D

STDs are usually caused by viruses

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

Assigned as

Homework

60

HIV has which of the following characteristics?

A

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

B

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

C

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

D

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.