INTEGBI N33 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Reproductive Isolation, Fecundity, Speciation

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31 Mar 2018

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Explanatory mechanism that explains all the known facts in a simple and consistent reason. Both; fact because it is observable; theory because it is an explanatory mechanism that explains all known info about a subject. Natural selection, there is variation w/in a species, advantageous traits are passed onto the next generation, perpetuating the gene, while disadvantageous ones are not. Any change in the dna of a cell; new genetic material; can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect depending on the environment. Spread of different traits in a gene pool. Recombination of alleles helps to maintain/increase variation in a population. Likelihood of your genes occurring in the next generation. Development rate (how fast it takes to mature to reproduce) Physical expression of the trait; what natural selection acts on. A group of actually or potentially interbreeding population, reproductively isolated from other such groups. New species as a result of geographic isolation.

Related Questions

Messenger RNA (mRNA)...

a) Is a structural part of a ribosome

b) Brings amino acids to DNA

c) Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

d) Is a structural part of a chromosome

e) Initiates and directs chemical reactions

Mr. Potato is homozygous dominant (KK), his son, Potato Jr. is heterozygous (Kk). Based on this information, what are the possible genotypes for Mrs. Potato? (Hint: use a Punnet Square).

a) Her genotype is definitely kk

b) Her genotype is either Kk or kk

c) Her genotype is either KK or Kk

d) Her genotype is either KK, or Kk, or kk

e) Mr. Potato cannot be Potato Jrâs biological father

12. Homologous chromosomes:

a) Are members of different chromosome pairs

b) Are genetically identical

c) Carry genetic information that influences the same traits (same genes but probably different alleles)

d) Are only inherited from the mother

e) Are only inherited from the father.

âFitnessâ in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individualâs:

a) Strength

b) Reproductive success

c) Aggressiveness

d) Size

e) Age at death

The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of...

a) uniformitarianism.

b) natural selection.

c) the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

d) catastrophism.

e) the fixity of species.

Even with strong selection, genetic variation of a population can be maintained because:

a) Selection only affects one gene at a time.

b) The effects of many alleles are hidden from selection by the effects of other alleles

c) Mutation constantly adds new alleles at an extremely fast rate.

d) Populations always go extinct before their gene frequencies are dramatically altered.

e) Only a and c

Gene Flow is defined as the:
a) Production of new alleles
b) New musical group in which Adam Levine will be the leading vocalist
c) Exchange of genes between populations
d) differential reproductive success of individuals
e) Process by which a DNA base gets extracted out of the nucleus to initiate the process of protein synthesis.

The basic unit of DNA is a molecule called a: a) Nucleotide

b) Base
c) Thymine
d) Prokaryoticcell e) mRNA

How many bases code for one amino acid? a) one

b) two
c) it depends on what amino acid it is d) three
e) four

Hemophilia is a condition that affects: a) more females than males
b) more males than females
c) females and males equally

d) only children born prematurely
e) individuals with a missing portion of chromosome number 5

A clear example of directional selection is:
a) Darwin finches with deeper and thicker beaks associated to a severe drought b) Sickle cell anemia in regions in which Malaria is endemic
c) Achondroplasticdwarfism
d) Fly halteres becoming fully developed wings after modification of a hox gene e) all of the above

Meiosis is evolutionarily significant because:
a) New combination of alleles can arise through independent assortment and crossing over

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

b) It is the mechanism by which body tissues are repaired
c) It creates somatic cells that are crucial for our body organs to maintain us alive d) It allows forensics to determine the cause of death of unidentified people
e) none of the above

Homologous chromosomes:

a) Are exact copies of each other and contain exactly the same genetic material
b) Are members of different chromosome pairs
c) Are only inherited from the father
d) carry genetic information that influences the same traits (the same genes), however, each of the homologous chromosomes can contain different versions of the same gene (different alleles).

e) carry genetic information that influences different traits because each of the homologous chromosomes contains completely different genes at very different loci

How many chromosome pairs occur in a normal human somatic cell?

a) 46 b) 23 c) 22 d) 24 e) 45

What is the scientific method? Use bullet points to describe the 4 major components.

How is a hypothesis different from a theory?

List the four major components (described during class) necessary for natural selection to occur [AKA Darwinâs Four Postulates] (PDF1-3).

27. Who was Thomas Malthus? In what way(s) Malthus was influential for Darwinâs Theory of Natural Selection? Hint: populations vs resources.

29. What amino acids are being coded for by the gene segment provided below? Nucleotide triplets and their corresponding amino acids are:
ACA= Cysteine; AAA=Phenylalanine; TGG=Threonine; CCT=Glycine; GAT=Leucine; ATA=Tyrosine; AGG=Serine; TCT=Arginine

a) Threonine, serine, glycine, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, cysteine.

b) Tyrosine, leucine, glycine, threonine, arginine, threonine, serine, cysteine.

c) Arginine, cysteine, serine, glycine, threonine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine.

d) Phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, arginine.

e) Phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, glycine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, serine.

1). Thyroid hormone (TH) has been identified as one of the factors promoting phenotype development in the Mexican axolotl salamander. Which of the following statements regarding the impact of TH is FALSE?

A). Axolotls maturing in water with high concentration of TH (thyroxine; T4) metamorphose into a terrestrial form.

B). A genome-wide scan of both the axolotl and its sister species found a large reduction in the number of mRNA transcripts that regulate the production of TH.

C). Adding TH (thyroxine; T4) to the water in which axolotl individuals are reared causes them to remain in a larval stage.

D). Most salamander species produce a burst of TH when they move from water to land.

2).What would be an appropriate evolutionary explanation of the fact that the ordering of some homeotic genes (such as Hox genes) on vertebrate chromosomes parallels the ordering of homeotic genes on fruit fly chromosomes?

A). The similarity is a coincidence, not documented in other invertebrates and largely a result of random mutations.

B). Homeotic genes show that insects and vertebrates are closer relatives than the traditional classification system indicates.

C). Homeotic genes of different animal lineages might be ordered in a similar fashion, yet their sequences are completely different.

D). The similar ordering of homeotic genes in animals, both vertebrate and insect, is due to ancient homology.

3). Which of the following correctly defines "homeotic genes"?

A). Homeotic genes encode proteins that control the cellular environment in a differentiated cell tissue.

B). Homeotic genes are DNA sequences that turn off, but not on, the expression of other genes and are controlled by "master-switch" genes.

C). Homeotic genes are "master-switch" genes that control other genes in a set sequence and thereby affect cell size, shape, division, and the positioning of the cells within the organism.

D). Homeotic genes are DNA sequences that turn on, but not off, the expression of other genes and are controlled by "master-switch" genes.

4). Which of the following is NOT considered a type of heterochrony (change in the rate and timing of development)?

A). hypermorphosis

B). acceleration

C). neoteny

D). ontogeny

5). How does the dominance theory explain why the heterogametic sex is at a disadvantage in Haldane's rule?

A). Beneficial dominant alleles will never be fully expressed in hybrids as they only carry one copy of the sex chromosome that carries the allele.

B). If a dominant allele has a negative effect on the fitness of hybrids, it will always be expressed in the heterogametic hybrids that possess that allele because they only need one copy of the respective sex chromosome.

C). If a recessive allele linked to a sex chromosome has a negative effect on the fitness of hybrids, that allele will always be expressed in the heterogametic hybrids that possess that allele because they only have one copy of the sex chromosome that carries the allele.

D). If a recessive allele linked to a sex chromosome has a positive effect on the fitness of hybrids, that allele will never be expressed in the heterogametic hybrids that possess that allele because they only have one copy of the sex chromosome that carries the allele.

6). In a hypothetical flowering plant species, one population evolves a different response to environmental stimuli and begins to bloom significantly later in the season than nearby populations. What type of reproductive isolating mechanism would this be?

A). hybrid sterility

B). postzygotic

C). prezygotic

D). gametic incompatibility

7). In a study of red spruce trees and black spruce trees, scientists found that the red spruce was living in a smaller geographic area and had much less genetic variation than the black spruce. They proposed that the red spruce might have arisen from a southern population of black spruce, which became geographically isolated from other black spruce populations at some point during the Pleistocene glaciations. What is this an example of?

A). allopatric speciation with the vicariance model

B). sympatric speciation

C). allopatric speciation with the peripheral isolate model

D). sympatric speciation with the ring species model

8). Which of the following defines Haldane's rule and its predictions?

A). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is always male.

B). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is always female.

C). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is heterogametic (has two different sex chromosomes).

D). If among hybrid offspring one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is homogametic (has two of the same sex chromosomes).

8.) Which of the following statements best explains secondary reinforcement?

A). If the reproductive isolating mechanisms that developed during the geographic isolation are strong but the hybrids have higher fitness than the parent species, then the speciation process will cease.

B). If the reproductive isolating mechanisms that developed during the geographic isolation are somewhat weak but the hybrids between two populations have lower fitness, then the speciation process may continue.

C). If the reproductive isolating mechanisms that developed during the geographic isolation are sufficiently weak as to allow free interbreeding across reunited populations, then the speciation process will halt and a single species will remain.

D). When geographic isolation comes to an end, two populations always complete the divergence process and become separate species.

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INTEGBI N33 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Reproductive Isolation, Fecundity, Speciation

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