BIOL 3500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gamma Diversity, Ecosystem Diversity, Alpha Diversity

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19 Apr 2017

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It quantifies the extent of change in community composition, or degree of community differentiation. How many eukaryote species are there: most recent estimates suggest around 8. 7 million spp, but estimates range between 3 and 500 million, only 1. 8 million have been described though. Taxonomy = the study of classifying species: taxonomy is tightly connected to biodiversity, binomial nomenclature is the naming-system in use today, developed by carolus linnaeus (see lecture 1 notes) Cryptic species species which appear morphologically identical even though they are genetically distinct: classifying cryptic species was made possible due to advances in genomics. Latitudinal-diversity gradient: tropical regions have the most diversity; polar regions have the least, thus, diversity increases as you move away from the poles and towards the equator, deserts are the exception to this trend. Why is this the case: energy hypothesis, the amount of solar energy increases as you move towards the equator, this allows more plant species to coexist.

Related Questions

Match the term with the correct description.

Locavore

Genetic diversity

Species diversity

Ecological diversity

Reproductive isolation

Biodiversity hotspots

Natural extinction

Endangered

Threatened

Vulnerable

a.	Measures richness and complexity of a community
b.	Those that are naturally rare or have been locally depleted to a level that puts them at risk
c.	Measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species
d.	In undisturbed ecosystems, the background rate appears to be one species per decade
e.	Those likely to become endangered, at least locally, in the near future
f.	Organisms that breed in nature and produce fertile offspring
g.	Contain 75% of the worldâs most threatened mammals, birds, and amphibians
h.	A person who eats locally grown, seasonal food
i.	Considered to be in imminent danger of extinction
j.	Measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community

Please answer all the questions

In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

Choose the single best answer

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

Create oxygen.

Defend themselves.

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

High between variety diversity

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

skyturtle265

Are my answers to the following correct?

True, False, True, C and A,B,D

1. Species accumuation are used to estimate local, or alpha,diversity.

2. The shape of a species accumulation curve depends, in part,on the order in which sampes are processed.

3. Species accumulation curves are not needed when a completecensus is available.

4. Which of the following statements about beta deiversity isFALSE?

a. Beta diversity measures how quickly species compositionchanges across the landscape

b. There are a variety of different ways researchers havemeasured beta diversity

c. Relatively flat, homogeneous habitats tend to have higherbeta diversity

d. Beta diversity changes depending on the scale at which youmeasure it

5. Paul Ehrlich and E.O. Wilson offered a number of reasons toprotect biodiversity. What were they?

a. Earth cannot "survive" antoher mass extinction event

b. People have an aesthetic and moral obligation to protectEarth's species

c. Earth's biodiversity may provide us with important newresources in the future

d. Loss of biodiversity may reduce ecosystem services that wouldbe difficult to replace

False, False, True, True, Sahara dessert, Secular migration andSweetstakes route

6. Immigration rates decline as the size of an islandincrease.

7. Extinction rates decline as the number of species on anisland increases.

8. Extinction rates increase as the size of an islanddecreases.

9. All else being equal, turnover rates are higher on smallislands than on large ones.

10. When we think of islands, we often think of them as landmasses surrounded by water. Ecologists have suggested a muchbroader definition of an island. Which of the following would NOTbe viewed as an island by an ecologist?

a. Mountain top habitats

b. Urban parks

c. Caves

d. Sahara desert

11. Horses originated in North America and then migrates to Asiaand Europe. As they migrates, they evolved over many generationsinto the horse species we see today. This is an example of whichmigration type?

a. Diffusion

b. Jump dispersal

c. Secular migration

12. Horses went extinct in North American and did not returnuntil they were ferried in boats by European settlers (no landmammal can swim on its own across an ocean). From a horse'sperspective, the ocean barrier is best described as...?

a. Corridor

b. Filter

c. Sweepstakes route

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BIOL 3500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gamma Diversity, Ecosystem Diversity, Alpha Diversity

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