BIOL 2030 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Amniotic Sac, Amniote, Aedes Aegypti
Document Summary
Biol 2030: classi cation & relationships, modern phylogenetic systematics - cladistics, sources of information. Developed our current scheme of classi cation: based on morphology, hierarchal taxonomic framework. There can be more branches (ie. arthropods can have up to 30 taxonomic ranks; subclass/suborder etc as groups become more diverse) Phylogeny: [gk. pylon, race; genesis, descent] history of development of species or other group. Character: organismal features used to construct a phylogeny (or evolutionary tree) Homology: character similarity resulting from common ancestry (ex. eyes of humans and monkeys evolved from ca) Cladistics: evaluation of information for tree building and classi cation. Cladogram: phylogenetic diagram based on cladistic analysis. Polarity: ancestral/ descendent relationships among different states of a character (ex. presence or absence of vertebral column: way we examine polarity of character state is through outgroup comparison. Amphioxus is not a vertebrate; becomes the outgroup. We assess the polarity of a vertebral column shared by sh, frogs, lizards and monkeys but not amphioxus.
