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BIOL 2021 Lecture 2: Chapter 11

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goldfly261
6 Aug 2016
School
York University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 2021
Professor
Robert G Tsushima

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Document Summary

Audio recording started: 8:33 am thursday, june 30, 2016. Transmembrane proteins account for 15-30% of transport mechanism. In some mammalian cells (nerve and kidney), 2/3 of metabolic energy is consumed in membrane transport. Vast differences between intra- and extracellular content of the cell. Greatest difference for calcium - critical - used for muscle contraction, enzyme function . Cations and anions must balance in and out. Calcium and magnesium inside the cell is held by other molecules, what is unbound is said to be free; total concentration is much higher than free. To maintain concentrations, transporters and channels are used. The electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane creates potential energy for the cell. Allows bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplast to generate atp. Given time, any molecule will diffuse across a synthetic lipid bilayer down its concentration gradient. Hydrophobicity of the molecule (hydrophilic molecules are harder to move across the bilayer)

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Related Questions

True or False? True False
1. Proteins rapidly pass artificial membrane (liposome).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
2. Amphiphatic detergent such as SDS spontaneously forms bilayer inwater. ------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
3. Cholesterol does have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.-------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
4. Fat molecules are one of the major components of the plasmamembrane.------------------------------------------------------------- ( ) ()
5. Phospholipid molecules such as phosphatidylcholine spontaneouslyform bilayer. ----------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
6. Flippase facilitates lateral movement of phospholipids withinthe plane of the membrane.----------------------------------------- ( ) ( )
7. Glycolipids make bilayer less permeable to small water solublemolecules.----------------------------------------------------------- ( ) ()
8. Membrane inner leaflet is enriched with phosphatidylcholine,Sphingomyelin, and Glycolipid. -----------------------------------( ) ( )
9. Plasma membrane proteins can have an enzyme activity.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
10. A single pass membrane protein must have an amphiphatic alphahelix.-------------------------------------------------------------- ( )( )
11. Plasma membrane proteins can be linked to a lipid molecule atthe outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. --------------------- ( )( )
12. The lateral motility of membrane proteins can be restricted bytight junctions.------------------------------------------------------ ( ) ()
13. Channel proteins have specific binding sites for ions and thusslower than carrier proteins.--------------------------------------- ( ) ( )
14. An antiport would function as a symport if its orientation inthe membrane were reversed. ---------------------------------------( ) ( )
15. A transmembrane pore can be formed by multiple amphipathicalpha helices. ----------------------------------------- ( ) ()
16. Porin proteins form water-filled channels in the outer membraneof a bacterium and are mostly composed of beta sheets. ---- ( ) ()
17. Glucose uniporters localize at the apical side of theintestinal epithelium.------------------------------------------------------------ ( ) ()
18. GAP junction is a selective pore for anions.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
19. A voltage-gated Na+ channel adopts only two conformationstates: open and closed.----------------------------------------------- ( ) ( )
20. Voltage gated K+ channel opens faster than the Voltage gatedNa+ channels.-------------------------------------------------------- ( ) ()
21. Opening of chloride channel at the synapse will help to fire anaction potential.------------------------------------------------------ ( ) ()
22. The nuclear pore complex forms a gate through which moleculespass the nucleus uni-directionally. -------------------- ( ) ()
23. A completely folded protein is imported into a mitochondrionthrough a large non-selective pore.--------------------------------- ( ) ( )
24. ER signal sequence contains multiple lysine and arginineresidues.----------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
25. The plasma membrane is a sorting station of inward endocyticpathway.---------------------------------------------------------------- () ( )
26. The trans Golgi functions as a sorting station of outwardsecretory pathway.----------------------------------------------------------- ( ) ()
27. Vesicles budding from ER are coated with Clathrin.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
28. RabGTPases and tethering proteins are the major specificitydeterminant of vesicle transport system. --------------------------( ) ( )
29. v-SNARE proteins are one of the tethering proteins.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
30. In secretory cells, the constitutive and regulatory pathways ofexocytosis diverge at the cis Golgi network. ------------------ ( )( )
31. Many proteins are posttranslationally glycosylated at tyrosineresidues in the ER.------------------------------------------------- ( ) ( )
32. Cells import LDL molecules exclusively through pinocytosis.-------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
33. Cells recycle LDL receptors from lysosome to the plasmamembrane.----------------------------------------------------------------- () ( )
34. Phagosomes fuse with late endosome.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) ( )
35. Small vesicles from ER near the plasma membrane can fuse withthe plasma membrane upon bypassing Golgi apparatus. -- ( ) ()
36. If a Sec mutant showed an accumulation of newly synthesizedproteins at ER,
then the Sec gene is likely a component of vesicle-buddingmachinery of trans-Golgi network.------------------------------------ ( ) ( )
37. A signal recognition particle is a single pass trans-membraneprotein of the ER membrane.---------------------------------------- ( ) ( )
38. Typical animals cells display higher levels of intracellularsodium than extracellular compartments.------------------------------ ( ) ( )
39. Typical animals cells display higher levels of intracellularchloride than extracellular compartments.----------------------------- ( ) ( )
40. The Na-K Pump is a GTPase that can adopt active and inactiveconformational states.----------------------------------------------- ( ) ( )
1. Phospholipase
C-­-ß
produces
phosphatidylinositol
3,4,5-­-trisphosphate
and
diacylglycerol.
(
)
(
)
2. PDGF
activates
GPCR.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
3. Rho
is
an
example
of
heterotrimeric
G
proteins.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
4. All
members
of
the
G
protein
coupled
receptors
interact
with
small
GTPase
Ras.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
5. Adrenaline
is
an
example
of
the
ligands
for
the
RPTK
family.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
6. Ras
GEF
activates
RPTK.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
7. PH
domain
containing
proteins
bind
to
activated
EGFR.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
8. Ligands
for
GPCR
proteins
induce
dimerization
of
the
receptor.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
9. Grb2
is
an
adaptor
protein
that
binds
to
a
phospho-­-tyrosine
residue
of
activated
RPTK
through
a
PH
domain.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
10. When
a
cell
is
expressing
a
large
number
of
dominant
negative
EGFR
proteins,
an
introduction
of
a
constitutively
active
Ras
mutant
will
allow
EGF
signaling.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
11. PI3K
generates
phosphatidylinositol
3,4,5-­-trisphosphate
from
IP3.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
12. Calcium
inhibits
PKC.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
13. cAMP
activates
PKA.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
14. The
MAP
kinase
ERK
inhibits
MAP
kinase
kinases.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­-
(
)
(
)
15. cAMP
is
an
example
of
a
first
messenger.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­----­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
16. All
7-­-Transmembrane
receptors
are
G
Protein
Coupled
Receptors.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
17. Both
Ga
and
Gß
subunits
of
the
heterotrimeric
G
protein
can
mediate
GPCR
signaling.
-­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
18. Both
Ga
and
Gß
subunits
of
the
heterotrimeric
G
protein
have
GTPase
activity.
-­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­-
(
)
(
)
19. The
Gas
subunit
of
the
heterotrimeric
G
protein
suppresses
the
function
of
Adenylyl
cylase.
(
)
(

Please check and correct answers that are bolded, thankyou

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

A

B

C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone

increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen

increase in progesterone and estrogen

decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

Aging increases the amount of sperm produced

Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

Helping with speech

Vitamin A production

Storing blood in the pancreas

Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

Abnormal changes

Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

Decline in frequency of use

Deteriorating self-image

Medication use

Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

Peptic ulcer

Atrophic Gastritis

Acute Gastritis

Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

Laxative use

Ulcerative colitis

Colorectal cancer

Disability

Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

causes overproduction of HCL

causes overproduction of intrinsic factor

increase absorption of B12

increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

cognitive function

autonomic system

urinary bladder

urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

energy for activities

raw materials for growth

buffer to maintain pH

fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Kreb's cycle

Electron transport

Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions

nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances

nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained

nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

18

22

27

31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

.25 gram per kilogram of weight

.5 gram per kilogram of weight

.75 gram per kilogram of weight

1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

longer urethra

premenopausal thinning

weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

increase in weight

increase in width

decrease in area

decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Ureter

Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

10

20

30

40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

surgical removal of the sphincter

medications to modify bladder function

electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

testosterone

relaxin

estrogen

follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

Ovarian

Cervical

Endometrial

Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy

it is more common in white males

testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific

it impairs the function of the liver

Please help me check my answers and correct them if needed.Thank you!

1. Which statement regarding malnutrition is true?

Malnutrition of one nutrient may directly and indirectly affectonly one system

All nutrient deficiencies typically manifest in a matter of daysor weeks.

Most cases of malnutrition in the elderly are directly relatedto a loss of appetite

Nutritional homeostasis should primarily be achieved bydietary alterations.

2. Movement of the stomach/stomach lining upward into esophagusor diaphragm is termed what?

Gastric reflux

Gastric torsion

Hiatal hernia

3. Which of the following is a function of the liver?

produce and secrete insulin

produce and secrete glucagon

metabolize drugs

excrete drugs from the body

store red blood cells

4.
Which of the following regarding malnutrition is true?

ingestion of supplements will prevent malnutrition

malnutrition can be avoided if the recommendations of the foodpyramid are followed

malnutrition in the United States is rare

5. What is protein-carbohydrate malnutrition? A person who:

doesn't eat enough protein or carbohydrates

eats to much protein and not enough carbohydrates

eats to much carbohydrates and not enough protein

eats to much protein and carbohydrates which interferes withabsorption and digestion of other nutrients

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

A

B

C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone

increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen

increase in progesterone and estrogen

decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

Aging increases the amount of sperm produced

Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

Helping with speech

Vitamin A production

Storing blood in the pancreas

Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

Abnormal changes

Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

Decline in frequency of use

Deteriorating self-image

Medication use

Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

Peptic ulcer

Atrophic Gastritis

Acute Gastritis

Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

Laxative use

Ulcerative colitis

Colorectal cancer

Disability

Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

causes overproduction of HCL

causes overproduction of intrinsic factor

increase absorption of B12

increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

cognitive function

autonomic system

urinary bladder

urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

energy for activities

raw materials for growth

buffer to maintain pH

fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Kreb's cycle

Electron transport

Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions

nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances

nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained

nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

18

22

27

31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

.25 gram per kilogram of weight

.5 gram per kilogram of weight

.75 gram per kilogram of weight

1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

longer urethra

premenopausal thinning

weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

increase in weight

increase in width

decrease in area

decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Ureter

Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

10

20

30

40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

surgical removal of the sphincter

medications to modify bladder function

electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

testosterone

relaxin

estrogen

follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

Ovarian

Cervical

Endometrial

Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy

it is more common in white males

testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific

it impairs the function of the liver