BIOL 1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Ochratoxin A, Phenylketonuria, Hemoglobin

73 views14 pages

salmonhedgehog22

16 Aug 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

The study of how the genetic makeup of populations changes through time. Explains natural selection using what happens with alleles and genes. The study of evolution at its smallest scale. Population: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Members of a population are more likely to breed with each other than with members of another population. Gene pool: all the alleles of all the genes in all individuals of a population (sum of all the alleles of a population is gene pool). Fixed allele: when all individuals are homozygous for the same allele. The frequency of an allele: number of copies of the allele divided by total number of all copies of all alleles at that locus. The frequency of a genotype: number of individuals with the genotype divided by the total number of individuals (every individual has one genotype)- adds up to 1.

Related Questions

Part A

In humans, individuals may or may not have a widowâs peak. This trait is controlled by genes at a single locus, with the allele for having a widowâs peak dominant to the allele for not having one. A population of humans is sampled; 59 have a widowâs peak and 44 do not. 25 of the people with a widowâs peak are homozygous dominant. What are the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles observed in this sample?

p = _____

q = _____

Part B

In a species of corn, individuals have either narrow or wide corn cobs. This trait is controlled by genes at a single locus, with the narrow cob allele dominant to the wide cob allele. A farmer counts 74 narrow cob and 113 wide cob plants in a field. Of the narrow cob plants, 28 are homozygous dominant. What are the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles observed in this sample?

p = _____

q = _____

Part C

In a population of peas, the frequency of the dominant allele for a purple flower is 0.61 and the frequency of the recessive allele for a white flower is 0.39. What would the genotypic frequencies be if the population is in equilibrium?

_____ = Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

_____ = Frequency of heterozygous individuals

_____ = Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

How many individuals would you expect of each genotype in a population of 500 peas?

_____ = Number of homozygous dominant individuals

_____ = Number of heterozygous individuals

_____ = Number of homozygous recessive individuals

Part D

In mice, a mahogany coat color allele is dominant over the tan coat color allele. In a population of mice, the frequency of the allele for mahogany coat color is 0.19 and the frequency of the allele for tan coat color is 0.81. What would the genotypic frequencies be if the population is in equilibrium?

_____ = Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

_____ = Frequency of heterozygous individuals

_____ = Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

How many individuals would you expect of each genotype in a population of 100 mice?

_____ = Number of homozygous dominant individuals

_____ = Number of heterozygous individuals

_____ = Number of homozygous recessive individuals

Part E

In humans, the free earlobe allele is dominant over the attached ear lobe allele. In a population of humans, the frequency of the allele for free earlobes is 0.42 and the frequency of the allele for attached earlobes is 0.58. What would the genotypic frequencies be if the population is in equilibrium?

_____ = Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

_____ = Frequency of heterozygous individuals

_____ = Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

How many individuals would you expect of each genotype in a population of 25 humans?

_____ = Number of homozygous dominant individuals

_____ = Number of heterozygous individuals

_____ = Number of homozygous recessive individuals

rubyleopard160

*Selection*	*Term*	*Description*
	Basal factors	a. bind to enhancers
	Activators	b. bind to promoters
	Coactivators	c. bind to activators
	Locus control region	d. large enzymatic complex found in the cytoplasm of alleukaryotic cells that down-regulates gene expression
	RISC	e. influences transcription from multiple genes linked over alarge region of DNA

*Selection*	*Term*	*Description*
	Gene pool	a. The process in which rare alleles increase in frequency in anew population
	Genetic drift	b. The sum total of all alleles carried in all members of apopulation
	Founder effect	c. The proportion of all copies of a gene in a population of aspecific type
	Evolutionary equilibrium	d. Unpredictable, chance fluctuation in allele frequency thathave a neutral effect on fitness
	Allele frequency	e. a balance between a new allele and selection against thatallele

champagnewallaby382

Hemoglobin and Fitness Instructions Directions: Neutral Evolution

1. Obtain 20 beans of two different colors (e.g., white and red). Count out 16 white and 4 red beans. The white beans represent the Hn allele and the red beans represent the Hs allele. This is the genetic makeup of your starting population. (Note: You can use any objects that can readily be categorized into two groups, such as coins, colored rocks, or paper clips.)

2.Calculate the frequency of both alleles [f(Hn) and f(Hs)] and record them in Table 1. In our experiment frequency is a measure of how many copies of a given allele exist in the gene pool (i.e., a proportion). Use decimal values. â¨

3.Arrange the beans into pairs. These pairs represent the genotype of each of 10 individuals in the population. Record the number of individuals with each genotype [f(Hn Hn), f(Hn Hs), and f(HsHs)] in Table 1. â¨

4.Now imagine that the individuals are living and reproducing with each individual reproducing at the same rate (i.e., all individuals produce two copies of each of their alleles into the next generation). Obtain enough beans to represent the next generationâ the offspring generationâand then let the parental generation âdieâ. â¨

5.Calculate the frequency of each allele in the offspring generation and record it in Table 1. â¨

Answer the questions that follow in Table 1. â¨

Table 1

	f(HnHn)	f(HnHs)	f(HsHs)	f(Hn)	f(Hs)
oiginal generation
offspring generation

Answer the following questions to help you understand the exercise:

What happened to the frequency of the common allele? â¨

What happened to the frequency of the rare allele? â¨

What happened to the frequency of the common and rare alleles when the starting frequencies were different from yours

What happens to allele frequencies from one generation to the next if there are no evolutionary forces acting on the population? â¨

greyotter669

BIOL 1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Ochratoxin A, Phenylketonuria, Hemoglobin

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOL 1001 Final: BIOL 1001 - CHAPTER 4

BIOL 1001 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency, Gene Pool

BIOL 1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Chromosome, Multimodal Distribution, Lysosome

Related Questions