GS201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Lol, Civil Society, Individualism

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11 Sep 2014

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Gs 201, week 6: liberal perspectives of state and society ii. Individuals five up two natural rights: right to preserve themselves and others, right to execute the law/ right to judge, the other rights are retained. Do you agree with this: government can be overthrown if it oversteps the boundaries of its limited authority, few mistakes should not be invite overthrow, overthrow is justified when citizens suffer a long train of abuses . Ways in which locke"s liberalism invites a universalist approach: his idea that individuals are free and have reason. This invites equal respect and dignity for everyone: his idea that individuals have equal rights and society is formed to protect these rights. This invites treating people similarly: his idea that god gave the world to all of humanity invites an approach tha emphasizes global ownership of the world.

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WRITE a one-sentence summary of each paragraph!

The False Income-Inequality Narrative

BY JASON L. RILEY

Published in the Wall Street Journal on Sept. 29, 2015

An enduring theme of the Democratic presidential race has been income inequality, coupled with an enduring belief that America's affluent reached their status at the expense of the poor and the middle class.

Bernie Sanders speaks of little else on the stump. And when not busy dissembling on her handling of email correspondence at the State Department, Hillary Clinton will tell you that the deck is still stacked in favor of those at the top. If Joe Biden gets in, expect more of the same. The vice president is said to be contemplating a 2016 bid in large part because struggling middle-income families may have trouble relating to Mrs. Clinton on inequality given her high living since leaving the White House.

This theme, in any case, seems to resonate with voters, which is no huge shock in the sixth year of an economic recovery. Envy and resentment fuel class warfare and lackluster economic growth throughout the Obama presidency have made people less optimistic and more inclined to fault others for their circumstances. A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll this week reports that four-in-five Americans âwere either angry because our political system seems to only be working for the insiders with money and power or anxious and uncertain. After all, the economy still feels rocky and unpredictable or both.

Liberals want to address income disparities through wealth redistribution by taking money from more productive people and giving it to the less productive in the name of fairness as the left defines it. They want to raise income taxes, expand the welfare state, lift minimum wages, and strengthen the bargaining power of unions. Mr. Sanders has been the most explicit about this, even going so far as to propose a wealth tax. Our economic goals have to be redistributing a significant amount of [wealth] back from the top 1%, the senator said in July.

In reality, the left has overstated the problem. And all the focus on divvying up existing wealth instead of creating more risks making matters far worse for the people they are trying to help and the country in general. To the extent that the expanding welfare state allows more people to live without working and therefore without earning income or developing their own human capitalâsupporters of the welfare state are contributing to the very income disparities they so much decry, writes economist Thomas Sowell in his new book, âWealth, Poverty and Politics.

Mr. Sowell is the author of more than 30 books over the past four decades, many having to do with what drives different social and economic outcomes among different groups in the U.S. and elsewhere. In his latest tome, he draws from this well of research to do what he has done so well for so long: question basic assumptions behind public policy and follow the facts where they lead him.

One common assumption is that proportionate or random outcomes are the natural order of things and that gaps or disparities are evidence of something wrong. In fact, huge disparities are the norm, not the exception, because the demographic, cultural, and political factors that influence the development of the human capital that makes people productive also tend to be unequal.

In 2013, only 9% of U.S. women with college degrees who gave birth were unmarried, versus 61% of women who were high-school dropouts and unmarried. Harvard's Robert Putnam reports that children from professional families will hear 19 million more words than their working-class peers before the first day of kindergarten.

These children don't have the same prospects. Equal opportunity, in the sense of being judged and rewarded by the same standards as others, cannot possibly mean equal life chances for children born and raised in these very different settings,writes Mr. Sowell. The fact that life is unfair is not the same as saying that a particular institution, or a particular society, is unfair.

The argument that social mobility is a thing of the past in the U.S. also is disputable. Longitudinal studies by the IRS and others that measure the progress of individuals over time show that the American dream is alive and well. One such paper, published by the Pew Charitable Trusts in 2012, measured whether a person has more or less income, earnings, or wealth than his or her parents did at the same age and concluded that the vast majority of Americans had higher incomes, while 50% had greater wealth.

In other studies, Pew has found generational stagnation but the authors have noted that it didn't apply to immigrants. If low-income immigrants can rise even when the native-born don't, writes Mr. Sowell, that strongly suggests that American society continues to offer opportunities to move up economically, but that not all groups make the same use of these opportunities.

Mr. Riley, a Manhattan Institute senior fellow and Journal contributor is the author of Please Stop Helping Us: How Liberals Make It Harder for Blacks to Succeed (Encounter Books, 2014).

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Drugsforsale.com(DFS) sells prescription medication via theinternal. From founding in 1998 until the end of 2006, DFS used itsown custom software to collect order information, but payment wereprocessed by an independent third party. Software and systemsconsists of five employees.

By the end of 2006, sales had grown to a point where it becameeconomically sensible for DFS to purchase a system and hardware toprocess online payments themeselves. DFS is planning to go publicin the next few years, and in order to demonstrate their successand impress investors, they put their new computer system behindglass windows so it clearly visible from the lobby of their newbuilding. To protect their investment, DFS equipped their newcomputer room with state of the art fire suppression equipemnt andan uninterruptible power source.

The computer center is staffed by operations personnel 16 hoursper day, five days a week. While business had increased, thesoftware and systems staff has remained at five employees. As aresult, software and programming documentation occurs only whentime is available. Backups of program and data files also occurperiodically as time allows. DFS has a secure facility for storingbackups, but no one has taken the most recent backups to the securefacility yet. Software and systems employees have offices next tothe computer center. Both operations personnel and software/systemspersonnel gain access to the computer room by swiping an ID cardand entering a four digit PIN. Because they are so busy, softwareemployees often test new programs or program changes on theweekends or late at night, when no operations staff are atwork.

1) Identify three weaknesses in computer security at DFS.

2) Identify two strengths in computer security at DFS.

3) List three components that should be part of a disasterrecovery plan so that DFS should be operational within 72 hours ofa natural disaster

1. (TCOs 2, 4, 5, 6) The idea that the assisted suicide of terminally ill patients should be allowed simply at the patient's direction reflects what type of ethics? (Points: 5)

Hobbes' State of Nature
Rand's Objectivism
Aristotle's concept of Virtue
Thomas Aquinas' concept of conscience
Socrates' concept of excellence

Question 2.2. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) What is the moral ideal of compassion? (Points: 5)

Acts of unmerited kindness
Sentiment in response to the suffering of others
Acknowledging the sufferings of others
Acts of altruism
Acts contrary to Objectivism

Question 3.3. (TCOs 1, 2) One of the common errors in Ethics is that of the double standard. The double standard consists of what? (Points: 5)

Discriminating in the application of ethical criteria based on our own preferences
Setting aside ethical criteria in special cases
Taking steps to avoid condemnation of others
Using one set of criteria for judging cases concerning ourselves and another for all others
Suspending judgment when concerned that the consequences would be too severe

Question 4.4. (TCO 2) Prescriptive language is commonly used in ethics for what reason? (Points: 5)

To indicate what is prohibited or impossible
To indicate that one choice is better than others
To show what actions are legal
To convey requirements and obligations
To indicate that there are really no choices available

Question 5.5. (TCOs 7, 8) Each person ought to do whatever will best promote his or her own interests. (Points: 5)