GL101 Lecture 23: Chapter 20 - Mineral and Energy Resources
Document Summary
64,(cid:882)(cid:882)(cid:882) employed in (cid:498)oil and gas extraction(cid:499) billion part of gdp (of . 8 trillion): 3% Materials held in reserve, the higher the reserve the more it costs. Some resources (groundwater) can be placed in either category. Reserves known deposits already identified and commercially extractable. Mineral deposits may be found in a variety of plate tectonic settings. Ore metallic minerals that can be mined. Some non-metals (e. g. fluorite and sulphur) are included as ores. Most commercial non-metallic minerals: building stone, aggregate, abrasives, ceramics, and fertilizers: industrial minerals. Metals associated with magma as igneous rocks. Some metals enriched in magmas and are concentrated during cooling. Cumulate deposits heavy minerals crystallize early, concentrate on the bottom of the magma chamber. Separation of liquid phases in a magma. Melt in last stages of cooling: rich in volatiles and rare elements. Groundwater or seawater is heated or produced by metamorphic processes. Hydrothermal fluids move along fractures, cool, and deposit them as ore bodies.
