CS235 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Scholarly Peer Review, Nuremberg Code, Hela
Why does ethics matter?
● “The value of research depends as much on its ethical veracity as on the novelty of its
discoveries”
What are the research ethics?
● Refers to the rules on conduct carrying out research
● Essential part of research conduct and integrity
● Present at all stages of research: ethics is everywhere!
3 stages of research
● Research design (before)
● Data collection and analysis (during)
● Knowledge dissemination (after)
Research Ethics
● Integrity
○ Honesty and rigor
○ Accountability
○ Transparency
● Ethics towards participants
○ Human participants
○ Human biological materials (tissues, cells, DNA)
Branches of research integrity
● Fraud
○ Fabrication: making up data
○ Falsification: illegitimately manipulating data
● Plagiarism: stealing other’s work
○ Self plagiarism: redundant publication
● Mismanagement of conflict of interest
○ Eg pharmaceutical studies
Promote research integrity
● Research activities should be:
○ Guided by standards, guidelines and protocols
○ Open to external scrutiny (scholarly peer review)
○ Accountable
○ Reflexive
Unethical research with human participants
● Codes of ethics: origin
○ Biomedical research
■ Nuremberg Code (1947-49)
■ Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
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Document Summary
The value of research depends as much on its ethical veracity as on the novelty of its discoveries . Refers to the rules on conduct carrying out research. Essential part of research conduct and integrity. Present at all stages of research: ethics is everywhere! Open to external scrutiny (scholarly peer review) Syphilis patients were never informed that they had syphilis. Performed by the us public health service. Immoral, they let people die, targeted impoverished people of colour (vulnerable participants) Cells removed without henrietta"s permission, studied, sold, and resold. No informed consent, lack of respect for the person. Deception, lack of protection from psychological harm, unclear. Teachers experienced high levels of distress right to withdraw. Prisoners experienced high levels of distress, humiliation, and anxiety. Lack of protection from physical/psychological harm, dehumanizing. Ethical conduct for research involving humans - version 2. Norms of conduct that distinguish acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
