BI226 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Guanine, Chromosome, Genomics
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Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?
Question 6 options:
| DNA replication requires primers | |
| Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication | |
| RNA is involved in DNA replication | |
| The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication | |
| There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome |
How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?
Question 7 options:
| a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids | |
| a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids | |
| a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids | |
| a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids | |
| a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids |
Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .
Question 8 options:
| nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond | |
| nucleotide, nucleic acid | |
| amino acid, nucleic acid | |
| nucleotide, nitrogenous base | |
| amino acid, protein |
Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?
Question 9 options:
| organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction | |
| variation in traits is often heritable | |
| descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity | |
| organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes | |
| natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution |
Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:
5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'
What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?
Question 10 options:
| Met-Ile-Val | |
| Asp-Ala-Ser-Met | |
| Met-Leu-Val | |
| Ser-Met-Ile-Val | |
| Gly-Cys |
13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.
| a. | analogous |
| b. | vestigial |
| c. | homologous |
| d. | convergent |
14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:
| a. | to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light. |
| b. | in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system. |
| c. | to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells |
| d. | in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin. |
15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:
| a. | inheritance of acquired characters. |
| b. | the founder effect. |
| c. | disruptive selection. |
| d. | natural selection. |
16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:
| a. | purine always pairs with a pyrimidine. |
| b. | purine always pairs with a purine. |
| c. | pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine. |
| d. | The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair. |
17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:
| a. | rRNA. |
| b. | tRNA. |
| c. | mRNA. |
| d. | RNA polymerase. |
18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:
| a. | repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around. |
| b. | enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors. |
| c. | messenger RNA during the process of transcription. |
| d. | Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed. |
19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:
| a. | when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene. |
| b. | some genes are dominant to others. |
| c. | a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. |
| d. | all of the above |
20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:
| a. | it is a dominant allele. |
| b. | new mutations causing this disease are common in that population. |
| c. | it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
| d. | the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means. |
21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.
| a. | natural selection. |
| b. | adaptation to similar environments |
| c. | convergent evolution |
| d. | All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank. |
22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?
| a. | XY |
| b. | XX |
| c. | Y |
23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:
| a. | help to package the DNA within the nucleus. |
| b. | are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA. |
| c. | may be replicating or transcribing the DNA. |
| d. | All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes. |
24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):
| a. | codon. |
| b. | gene. |
| c. | polypeptide. |
| d. | anticodon. |
