Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Lymph Node, Extracellular Fluid, Thymus

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silverarmadillo521

21 Mar 2020

School

Western University

Department

Microbiology and Immunology

Course

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B

Professor

John Mc Cormick

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Document Summary

Primary response: first exposure to pathogen (natural or vaccination) Naive b & t cells bind to pathogen. Generate effector and memory b & t cells. Memory response: subsequent re-exposures to identical pathogens. Memory b & t cells respond more effectively (larger and faster) Generates more memory b & t cells. Primary lymphoid tissues: where b & t cells develop. T cells: develop in bone marrow enter thymus. Express cd4 and cd8 molecules; thus considered neither helper or cytotoxic yet. In newborns & elderly: thymus very small thus can"t make many t cells. Secondary lymphoid tissues: where naive b & t cells meet/bind to pathogens. Leads to generation of effector and memory cells. Site where b & t cells meet lymphatic-circulating pathogens. Lymphatic system overview: high pressure plasma in blood forced into tissues via capillaries (now called interstitial/tissue fluid, interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels (now called lymph)

Related Questions

Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

a .It is a specific response against microbial antigen

b. It includes inflammation.

c. It activates the alternative complement pathway.

d. It includes defenses on the body surfaces.

2. C-reactive protein is an opsonin because it:

a. creates a channel in bacterial membranes

b. increases C3b binding to a microbe.

c. forms the pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

d. enhances phagocytosis.

3. The rapid increase in antibody production after repeated exposures to the same antigen is due to:

a. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

b. higher levels of IgE

c. presence of memory cells.

d. clonal proliferation of NK cells

4. Cytotoxic T cells can kill cancer cells by:

a. inducing apoptosis with granzyme.b. release of membrane attack complex.

c. activate the production of complement C3b

d. phagocytosis of opsonized cells.

5. Which event is not required for the activation of helper T cells?

a. The presence of interleukin-1

b. Binding of CD8 receptors

c. Binding of matching non-antigenic proteins of the antigen-presenting cel

d. Presentation of an antigen bound to class II MHC

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How did inoculation with cowpox generate immunological memory and provide protection against smallpox? Did cross-reactivity play a role?

How did Pasteurâs work with attenuated (weakened) bacteria further our understanding of the role vaccination can play?

What are the three characteristics that define an adaptive immune response? Briefly define each of the characteristics.

Define primary versus secondary immune response.

Whatâs the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and oligopotent when evaluating cell differentiation capacity?

What is hematopoiesis?

What cell types are derived from myeloid versus lymphoid progenitor cells? Describe the function of each WBC type.

What is clonal selection?

What role do antibodies play with regard to antigen recognition and immune defense that is different from what Tcrs provide?

As described in class generally understand the outcome of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell activation. Understand that these cells can differentiate into effector (plasma cells, cytokine producing Th cells and CTLs) or memory cells.

Understand how granzymes and perforins play a role in apoptosis.

Which types of cells typically express MHC Class II? Do these cell types also express MHC Class I, and if so why?

With regard to Tc and Th cells, what kinds of peptide antigens (think about exogenously versus endogenously derived antigens) are recognized?

Be able to show cooperation between Tc, Th and B cell responses (refer to class notes).

What is the overall role of MHC Class I and II?

What is ADCC and what cell types are involved?

Understand and be able to provide examples highlighting the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Note: ADCC and dendritic cell and macrophage interactions with Th cells illustrate examples of innate/adaptive cooperation.

What are the primary lymphoid organs? What role do they play?

What role does the lymphatic circulatory system play in immune defense?

Whatâs the difference between plasma, ISF, and lymph?

Whatâs the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

How is lymph ultimately delivered back to blood?

Define extravasation. Why is this important?

What are HEVs and what role do they play?

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?

What role do lymph nodes play?

What role does the spleen play?

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

Whatâs MALT and its role?

What is the inflammatory response and what are characteristics associated with inflammation?

What role does histamine play in the inflammatory response?

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Lymph Node, Extracellular Fluid, Thymus

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