Kinesiology 3339A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Tripeptide, Lysine, Nitrogen Balance

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4 Jan 2021

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Made up of amino acids (20; different combinations make up different proteins) Other amino acids other than the 20, which are called free form or circulating independently . Order of aa determined by the genetic information in the dna which directs the synthesis of that particular proteins. Each aa contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen & nitrogen (two also contain sulfur) Peptide bond = condensation (loss of water) of amino group of 1 aa with the carboxyl group of another aa. Can have 2 amino acids (dipeptide), 3 aa (tripeptide), about 50-100 aa (polypeptide), or >100 aa (protein) Interactions of side chains causes folding and resultant 3d structure determines function. No energy storage form of protein in the body exists as structural or functional proteins. Structural proteins = the actual physical structure such as your muscles. Makes up about 40% of your body mass. Functional proteins = enzymes, hormones; things that signal or regulate metabolism.

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1. Polypeptide strands is the active form of a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks polypeptide chains into smaller polypeptides.

2. Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of pepsinogen which get broken down further in the small intestine.

3. An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a tripeptide.

4. Dipeptide describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together.

5. The 20 different amino acids are the building blocks used for protein synthesis.

6. Amino acid pools are stockpiles found in the blood and other cells of the body that can be used to build new proteins.

7. The continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein is called protein turnover.

8. The stomach produces pepsin, which denatures protein.

9. Denaturation occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact.

10. The part of an amino acid that contains nitrogen is called the amine group.

11. The acid group is also known as the carboxyl group.

12. Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the portal vein.

Please correct these sentences AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.. Some of them are not correct and I didn't figure out what are they!

violetdog828

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11/3 11/4 4 (a) What is an a-amino acid? (b) How do amino acids react to form proteins? Vinyl chloride is industrially important because it is the monomer from which the polymer, poly(vinyl chlonide (PVC) is obtained. Explain what s meant by monomer and polymer and name the process by which a monomer is converted to a polymer Wite an equation to represent the conversion of vinyl chloride to PVC 5 Write a chemical equation for the formation of alanylserine from the constituent amino acids 10. Polypeptides and proteins are important biological examples of condensation polymers. Draw in 2-D, two repeating units of the polypeptide formed only from the amino acid, glycine: NH CH-CO,H 6 Wha t amino acids would be obtained by hydrolysis of the following tripeptide? H2NCHCNHCH CNHCHCOH 11. Nylon is a polyamide-type of polymer often derived from the reaction between two different monomers 1,6-diaminohexane, HN(CHzuNH, and hexane 1,6-dioic acid HOC(CH2)aCO2H. (CHj)2 ?? ????? ?? (a) Identify electrophilic and nucleophilic sites in each of the reactant molecules and then indicate which atoms are likely to react with each other Given that one water molecule is eliminated for each reaction between two monomer molecules give a part structure of the polymer comprising three monomer units Polymers 7. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? (b) 8. Clearly define: (a) addition polymers (b) condensation polymers 9 Chloroethene (rinyl chloride) CHa CHCI, is an important industrial organic chemical. In industry it is produced by two different reaction sequences. (a) One reaction sequence involves reaction between ethene (ethylene) and chlorine, followed by strong heating of the reaction product. Write equations to represent these two reactions and classify each reaction as either substitution, addition or elimination. (b) The other reaction uses ethyne (acetylene) as the organic starting material. Write an equation to represent the reaction by which ethyne can be converted to vinyl chloride

Show transcribed image text 11/3 11/4 4 (a) What is an a-amino acid? (b) How do amino acids react to form proteins? Vinyl chloride is industrially important because it is the monomer from which the polymer, poly(vinyl chlonide (PVC) is obtained. Explain what s meant by monomer and polymer and name the process by which a monomer is converted to a polymer Wite an equation to represent the conversion of vinyl chloride to PVC 5 Write a chemical equation for the formation of alanylserine from the constituent amino acids 10. Polypeptides and proteins are important biological examples of condensation polymers. Draw in 2-D, two repeating units of the polypeptide formed only from the amino acid, glycine: NH CH-CO,H 6 Wha t amino acids would be obtained by hydrolysis of the following tripeptide? H2NCHCNHCH CNHCHCOH 11. Nylon is a polyamide-type of polymer often derived from the reaction between two different monomers 1,6-diaminohexane, HN(CHzuNH, and hexane 1,6-dioic acid HOC(CH2)aCO2H. (CHj)2 ?? ????? ?? (a) Identify electrophilic and nucleophilic sites in each of the reactant molecules and then indicate which atoms are likely to react with each other Given that one water molecule is eliminated for each reaction between two monomer molecules give a part structure of the polymer comprising three monomer units Polymers 7. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? (b) 8. Clearly define: (a) addition polymers (b) condensation polymers 9 Chloroethene (rinyl chloride) CHa CHCI, is an important industrial organic chemical. In industry it is produced by two different reaction sequences. (a) One reaction sequence involves reaction between ethene (ethylene) and chlorine, followed by strong heating of the reaction product. Write equations to represent these two reactions and classify each reaction as either substitution, addition or elimination. (b) The other reaction uses ethyne (acetylene) as the organic starting material. Write an equation to represent the reaction by which ethyne can be converted to vinyl chloride

greyserval522

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

Kinesiology 3339A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Tripeptide, Lysine, Nitrogen Balance

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