Kinesiology 3337A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Heart Failure, Coronary Artery Disease, Respiratory Quotient

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5 Apr 2018

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Effects of fitness on longevity: you can have many diseases at the same time as you get older; for example: If you have ischemic heart disease, it restricts the blood flow in heart, which will limit the heart function this will lead to congestive heart failure and this will cause more problems. This is because more problems because there will be difficulty pumping blood to the lungs that will lead to reduction of the blood flow in the brain which will ultimately lead to a stroke. Diseases such as ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus can be managed well with regular exercise incidence of cardiovascular disease decreases with exercise. 10%: physical activity is the major challenge to homeostasis of the cellular environment; just walking at 5km/hr can lead to 16-20x increase in o2 consumption in the muscles recruited (aerobic metabolism will increase dramatically)

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QUESTION 1

Before undertaking an exercise or nutrition program, whatpreliminary steps should be taken?

		Choose an expensive activity; that way you know you've investedmoney in it and be more likely to stay with it.
		Go to an exercise physiologist who can teach you how the bodyworks.
		Choose an enjoyable activity that you know you will stay withwhether you're alone or in a group.
		Get an exercise stress test from a sports medicine doctor who isalso knowledgeable in nutrition.

QUESTION 2

The most important component(s) of exercise from a health andlongevity standpoint is(are)

		the intensity and duration of the activity.
		the duration and frequency of the activity.
		the frequency and regularity of the activity.
		the warm-up and cool-down periods.

QUESTION 3

Among the physiological benefits of regular exercise, which ofthe following can occur?

		Regular exercise will inhibit the blood chemistry responsiblefor the "good" cholesterol.
		Regular exercise can be a way to improve mood and relievedepression.
		Regular exercise has been shown to increase the need for"energizers."
		Regular exercise decreases blood flow to the brain, thereforeactivating endorphins, natural tranquilizers.

QUESTION 4

By eating a high carbohydrate diet the day before any athleticevent,

		muscles will have adequate fuel, i.e., glycogen for thecompetition.
		athletes can eat more protein the day of the competition.
		less water will be needed the day of the competition sincecarbohydrates are high in water.
		all of these.

QUESTION 5

A person with high blood cholesterol should considerparticipating in an aerobic exercise program such as walking orjogging because aerobic exercise

		will raise HDL ("good") cholesterol after a period of trainingand decrease the risk for heart disease.
		will cause a sudden increase in the heart rate to near maximallevels which lowers the "bad" cholesterol.
		forces more LDL ("bad") cholesterol out of the body throughwaste elimination.
		keeps the blood circulating faster, even at rest, thereforecauses a decrease in total blood cholesterol.

QUESTION 6

For most athletes who are well-nourished, nutrition supplementssuch as protein powders and vitamin pills

		dramatically improve performance.
		improve performance only moderately.
		do not significantly improve performance.
		seem to cause a decrease in performance.

QUESTION 7

In addition to being able to exercise at work, employees whohave access to a Wellness program and fitness facility at the jobsite

		is more likely to make positive changes in lifestyle.
		has less absenteeism from work.
		becomes more educated in health issues.
		all of these.

QUESTION 8

The general recommendation to support activity is to eat adiet

		high in protein and low in fat.
		low in protein and high in carbohydrate.
		high in carbohydrate and low in fat.
		high in carbohydrate and high in protein.

QUESTION 9

Walking is considered the best form of exercise because it

		is not expensive.
		promotes cardiovascular endurance.
		is easy to perform.
		all of these.

QUESTION 10

Exercise and nutrition are important components of a soundprogram for physically challenged people because they

are investments in good physical health.

help support a positive mental health.

help people face the challenges of life and achieve dreams.

all of these.

ivoryhornet198

Part II 1.The California Occupational Mortality study data set was employed to assess mortality data for the years 1979-1981. A 2% sample of employed persons from the 1980 census of California was used. It contains the occupation of each person who had died. This study, like any occupation-based study, is restricted to the work life span as far as age of subjects is concerned. This study used ages 16-64 years. Certain persons, because of their source of work, were excluded as subjects: homemakers, retired persons, students, disabled, military personnel, etc. Only main-stream-type employment was used in this study to establish occupations at risk for heavy alcohol drinking. Using the Table below, answer the following:

1.What occupations are most vulnerable to acquiring cirrhosis of the liver from heavy drinking?

2.List several of the occupations identified by the research studies that are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced, cirrhosis related deaths and that have the highest mortality rates.

3. What are possible confounding variables for the research in occupations and heavy drinking that lead to fatal diseases?

4. Based on available research data, develop and construct a web of causation along with the appropriate decision trees for occupational group-related alcohol deaths.

Table. Alcohol Related Deaths in California, 1979-1981 Cirrhosis 5.5% Digestive organ cancers 5.7% Injuries 13.7% Suicide and homicide 5.% All other causes 64.9% 2. Zika and microcephaly Since May 2015,

Brazil has experienced a significant outbreak of Zika virus. In recent years, Brazilian officials reported an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly.

1. Briefly describe what we know and what we do not know about Zika virus.

2. What has been done and what should be done to prevent Zika virus epidemic in US and world-wide?

Multiple Choice

5. Which of the following statements describes the major advantages of a randomized clinical trial? a. It avoids observer bias b. It lends itself to ethical justification c. It yields results replicable in other patients d. It rules out self-selection of participants to the different treatment groups d. It enrolls representative patients

6. A survey conducted in England revealed that of 224 families in which there had been a known case of poliomyelitis, 56 maintained parakeets as a family pet. In another British survey, 30 out of 99 poliomyelitis patients questioned kept parakeets. The inference that there is some relationship between the presence of a parakeet in a household and the occurrence of poliomyelitis among household members is a. Correct b. Incorrect because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence c. Incorrect because a proportionate ratio is used when a rate is required to support the inference d. Incorrect because a failure to recognize a possible cohort phenomenon e. Incorrect because there is no control or comparison group.

7. An investigator determines the correlation coefficient between triglyceride levels and degree of atherosclerosis in sampled blood vessels to be +1.67. On the basis of this you would conclude that: a. Triglyceride level is a good predictor of atherosclerosis b. Triglyceride level is not a good predictor of atherosclerosis c. High triglyceride levels cause atherosclerosis d. Atherosclerosis cause high triglyceride levels e. The investigator has incorrectly determined the correlation coefficient

8. A screening test of known sensitivity and specificity is applied to two populations. The prevalence of the disease being screened for is 10% in population A and is 1% in population B. Which of the following is true? a. The percent of all negative tests that have false-negative results is lower in population A than in population B. b. Specificity is lower in population A than in population B. c. Reliability is higher in population A than in population B. d. The percent of all positive tests that have false-positive results is lower in population A than in population B. e. Specificity is higher in population A than in population B.

9. Serum cholesterol levels are obtained for four healthy men. The probability that all will fall below the 10th percentile of the distribution of cholesterol for healthy males is: a. 0.4 b. 1 â (0.1)4 c. (0.1)4 d. (0.9)4 e. Cannot be determined from these data

10. In a diabetes screening program, the screening level for a positive blood sugar level in test 1 is set at 160 mg/dl, and in test 2 at 130 mg/dl. The sensitivity is: a. Greater in test 1 b. Greater in test 2 c. Equal in test 1 and 2 d. Dependent on the size of the population being evaluated

Kinesiology 3337A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Heart Failure, Coronary Artery Disease, Respiratory Quotient

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		are investments in good physical health.
		help support a positive mental health.
		help people face the challenges of life and achieve dreams.
		all of these.