Kinesiology 2241A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Terminal Velocity

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uwostudent70

4 Jan 2021

School

Western University

Department

Kinesiology

Course

Kinesiology 2241A/B

Professor

Thomas Richard Jenkyn

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Document Summary

Speed and velocity are not the same thing. Velocity is a vector with all 4 attributes of a vector: magnitude is the speed, direction is the heading of the object, point of application is the center of mass of the object, line of action. Velocity is the rate at which position changes with respect to time. If you measure the position of an object at two different times, then the average velocity is: But we have no information about what happens between s1 and s2. If we take s1 and s2 so close together that they are infinitesimally close together, then we lose no information. Looking at the speed of a runner in a 100 m sprint. If you take the average speed over too long an interval, then you miss the acceleration and deceleration features. When the activity is cyclic (i. e. a pattern of motion is repeated, such as walking, running, swimming, then we find average velocity as follows:

Related Questions

Assignment Please read the instructions carefully. You need to write 6 sentences for each article which includes what i have given in instructions.

Instructions

For the two articles below:

Write a few sentences explaining how the article is relevant to Verizon or Sprint Mobile. How and why would you expect it to affect stock prices, and whether they were affected in the way you expected (do this in terms of expected future earnings). Because traders buy or sell stocks immediately as new information becomes available, stock prices respond rapidly. Be sure to include the date of the article. You should be able to distinguish whether the news was relevant to only one of your stocks, your industry, or the whole market by noting the relative price changes - if only one of your stocks went up while the market was down, the news affected only your stock; if both your stocks moved differently from the market, the news probably affected your industry as a whole; if your stocks moved in tandem with the market, the news probably broadly affected the whole economy. You should also be able to explain why the news affected just one company, the industry, or the whole market. The articles selected should be balanced chronologically and topically.

Below are stock prices from Nov 16^th through 19th

Verizon Communications Inc. VZ (U.S.: NYSE)							Sprint Corp. S (U.S.: NYSE)
		Time	close	S&P 500			Time			Close	S&P 500
NOV	16	4:03PM EST	45.04	1.49	16	4:00PM EST.		4.21	1.49
	17	4:00	45.08	-0.13%	17	4:03		4.4	-0.13%
	18	4:05	45.38	1.62%	18	4:00		3.99	1.62%
	19	4:00	45.76	-0.11%	19	4:00		4.05	-0.11%
	20					20

1.Sprint Promotion Sends Investors Running

The carrier should be more focused on improving profitability and free-cash-flow generation.

Updated Nov. 19, 2015 1:15 p.m. ET

Sprint (S: NYSE)
By Evercore ISI ($3.99, Nov. 19, 2015)After days of hinting at a âbig announcement,â Sprint released new pricing plans which offer a 50% discount to plans from T-Mobile US, Verizon Communications and AT&T -- while also covering up to $650 of switching costs.

If a 50% discount from Sprint (ticker: S) sounds familiar, thatâs because it is essentially the same as the companyâs earlier âcut your bill in halfâ promotion -- though, notably, this time it extends to T-Mobile ( TMUS ) customers as well as those from Verizon ( VZ ) and AT&T ( T). And, while this may drive some uptick in subscriber attraction, we note: 1) we believe the most cost-sensitive subscribers likely took advantage of this offer the first time around; 2) we do not agree with Sprintâs contention that transitioning subscribers are likely to opt for higher data plans versus the discounted offerings; and 3) the offer comes at a time when Sprint should be more focused on improving profitability and free-cash-flow generation (and is somewhat contradictory to other recent initiatives such as increasing unlimited pricing by $10 and attempting to cut $2.5 billion in annual costs from its budget). It is this last point -- on the impact to profitability -- that appears to have upset investors the most, sending Sprint shares down 9.3% Wednesday.

Prior to (and on) Sprintâs fiscal-second-quarter call, the company announced that it would seek to cut $2.5 billion in costs. We saw these costs cuts, along with Sprintâs decision to not participate in the 600 megahertz (MHz) auction, to use off-balance-sheet financing, and raise its unlimited pricing by $10, as evidence that Sprint was attempting to improve its cash flow position. However, as part of this current promotion, Sprint is offering up to $650 in reimbursements for early termination fees (ETFs) and other fees (provided you turn your phone in). Because we believe that the most cost-sensitive subscribers may have already taken advantage of this offer the first time around, the corresponding increase in subscriber traction may not be enough to offset the negative implications to profitability and free cash flow.

Sprint sees potential upside from more data, same price. The emphasis of the promotion is to cut your bill in half. Despite this, Sprint believes subscribers are likely to opt for the same nominal value plans, but twice the data. We do not agree. If Sprintâs intention was to see customers double their data, the pitch should have been âdouble your data,â not âtake 50% off.â

Customers can trial the offer for 28 days. If they are not satisfied, and have purchased a device through Sprint, they can return the device with no restocking fee. Importantly, the offer is for activations from Nov. 20 through Jan. 6 and the promotional pricing will run for 24 months. While the offer is available to new Sprint customers, current Sprint subscribers can get a free [Apple (AAPL)] iPad with one year of free service, if they sign a two-year contract. Sprint expects the iPad offer to reduce churn (as customers with more devices become âstickierâ).

Based on our last published model, our discounted-cash-flow-driven year-end 2016 price target is $4. [We rate Sprint at Hold.]

-- Jonathan Schildkraut
-- Justin Ages

The companies mentioned in Hot Research are subjects of research reports issued recently by investment firms. Their opinions in no way represent those of Barrons.com or Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Some of the reportsâ issuers have provided, or hope to provide, investment-banking or other services to the companies being analyzed. Share prices at the time the report was issued and the date of the report are in parentheses.

7:39 am ET
Nov 19, 2015

2.The Morning Download: Ford CEO Says

Steve Rosenbush

CONNECT

Good morning. Ford Motor Co. CEO Mark Fields says that wireless updates for vehicle software have more or less arrived. Thatâs going to lead to big changes in the way people build and use cars, which are bound to adopt more characteristics of mobile phones. CIO Journalâs Rachael King has the story.

Ford launched Sync Connect with the 2017 Ford Escape at the LA Auto Show this week. The platform lets drivers unlock or start the vehicles from their smartphones. âSync Connect will serve as the platform to offer over-the-air updates allowing us to go beyond the infotainment system such as updating other parts of the vehicle like the engine or driver-assist technologies,â said Mr. Fields, speaking at a press event Wednesday in San Francisco.

Wireless updates mean that phones donât have to be brought into the shop or replaced every time that the operating system is brought up to date, or that a security patch is available. And of course, they facilitate the use of apps and the development of ecosystems. Now, the automobile, which until now has more or less remained the same during its long life cycle, is about to become much more dynamic.

Macquarie taps Barclays BCS -4.34% IT Executive as CIO. Justin Raoul Moffitt, an 18-year IT veteran with Barclays, steps in as CIO at Macquarie starting in February 2016, a company spokesman said.

Verizon Communications Inc. VZ (U.S.: NYSE)							Sprint Corp. S (U.S.: NYSE)
		Time	close	S&P 500			Time			Close	S&P 500
NOV	16	4:03PM EST	45.04	1.49	16	4:00PM EST.		4.21	1.49
	17	4:00	45.08	-0.13%	17	4:03		4.4	-0.13%
	18	4:05	45.38	1.62%	18	4:00		3.99	1.62%
	19	4:00	45.76	-0.11%	19	4:00		4.05	-0.11%
	20	4:00	45.39	0.38	20	4:00		3.83	0.38
	21					21

coffeespider535

a) You also wish to synthesize a degenerate oligonucleotide primer that could be used eventually to clone DNA that encodes your mutant protein. Design this degenerate oligo, keeping in mind the rules we talked about in class. More information about designing degenerate primers and primers in general are located on the following page.

Write out the sequence of this oligo here

b) If you synthesized the above oligonucleotide primer, how many different oligos would be present in the mixture?

RULES TO FOLLOW for creating primers (Modified from the Thermo Fisher web site):

Designing degenerate primers:

Write out your amino acid sequence, label amino and carboxy termini

For each amino acid, use the genetic code to predict the various nucleic acid codons that can encode this amino acid. For all but Met, you should have redundancy present.

Now you need think about 5â and 3â considerations, and keep in mind that DNA within genes is double-stranded. It is helpful to keep in mind that the 5â end of a gene corresponds to the amino terminus of a protein. Using 5â and 3â labels write out a single strand DNA sequence corresponding to the your amino seq of interest. You may choose to start with only possible codon for each amino acid, or you can do all possibilities using the notation I showed you in class to account for the wobble position of codons.

Now make your DNA double stranded by filling in the opposite DNA strand; label the 5â and 3â ends of this second strand and make sure you have an anti-parallel arrangement of DNA strands.

If you havenât already, now consider the redundancy present on both strands, and make sure you have indicated sequences that account for all possible redundancies.

Realize that when a researched synthesizes a degenerate oligo that the final synthesis contains oligos with every substitution possible. The amount of degeneracy is defined by the number of different primer combinations in the mix. You can determine the degree of degeneracy by multiplying the number of changes present at each position together. If a position has no degeneracy then you multiple by 1 for that position.

Keep in mind that the trade-off between primer specificity and efficiency can be modified by altering the degeneracy of the primer. For example, the more degenerate the primers, the less specific annealing will be; however, decreased degeneracy will allow more potential to identify unknown variants. Anything over 1024 fold degeneracy is at the upper limit of potential usefulness.

Designing Primers:

Good primer design is essential for a successful PCR reaction. There are many factors to take into account when designing the optimal primers for your gene of interest. This information is taken from the Fisher Scientific website and are used when actually designing an experiment. Here are some tips to consider when designing primers.

In general, a length of 18 nucleotides is the minimum necessary for efficient primer binding.

Try to make the melting temperature (Tmm) of the primers between 65Â°C and 75Â°C, and within 5Â°C of each other.

If the Tmm of your primer is very low, try to find a sequence with more GC content, or extend the length of the primer a little.

Aim for the GC content to be between 40 and 60%, with the 3' of a primer ending in C or G to promote binding. This is called a GC clamp.

Typically, 3 to 4 nucleotides are added 5â of the restriction enzyme site in the primer to allow for efficient cutting. Restriction enzymes are ENDO nucleases, so they cut better when their recognition site is not on the end of DNA.

Try to avoid regions of secondary structure, and have a balanced distribution of GC-rich and AT-rich domains.

Avoid intra-primer homology (more than 3 bases that complement within the primer) or inter-primer homology (forward and reverse primers having complementary sequences). These circumstances can lead to self-dimers or primer-dimers instead of annealing to the desired DNA sequences.

Let's then assume professional roles as we work on this fictional scenario:

It's 2020, and General Foryota Company opens a plant in which to build a new mass-produced hover-craft. This hover-craft will work using E-85 Ethanol, will travel up to 200 mph, and will reduce pollution worldwide at a rate of 10 percent per year. It is likely that when all automobiles in the industrial world have been changed over to hovercrafts, emission of greenhouse gasses may be so reduced that global warming may end and air quality will become completely refreshed.

However, the downside is that during the transition time, GFC's Hover-Vee (only available in red or black), will most likely put all transportation as we know it in major dissaray. Roadways will no longer be necessary, but new methods of controlling traffic will be required. Further, while the old version of cars are still being used, Hover-vee's will cause accidents, parking issues, and most likely class envy and warfare. The sticker price on the first two models will be about four times that of the average SUV (to about $200,000.) Even so, GFC's marketing futurists have let them know that they will be able to pre-sell their first three years of expected production, with a potential waiting list which will take between 15 and 20 years to fill.

The Chief Engineer of GFC commissions a study on potential liabilities for the Hover-vees. The preliminary result is that Hover-vees will likely kill or maim humans at an increased rate of double to triple over automobile travel because of collisions and crashes at high speeds -- projected annual death rates of 100,000 to 200,000. However, global warming will end, and the environment will flourish.

The U. S. Government gets wind of the plans. Congress begins to discuss the rules on who can own and operate Hover-vees. GFC's stock skyrockets. The Chief Engineer takes the results of the study to the Chief Legal Counsel, and together they agree to bury the study, going forward with the production plans. The Chief Project Manager, who has read the study and agreed to bury it, goes ahead and plans out the project for the company, with target dates and production deadlines.

Our class is a team of young lawyers, project managers, engineers, and congressional aides who are all part of the process of helping get this project off the ground. In fact, according to the first letter of your last name, you are the following team:

A-G: Attorney on the GFC team
H-N: Project Manager on the GFC team
0-S: Engineer on the GFC team
T-Z: Congressional Aide

Somebody sent a secret copy of the report to you at your home address. It has no information in it at all, except for the report showing the proof of the increase in accidents and deaths. The report shows, on its face, that the CLO, CE, CPM, and your Congressional Representative have seen copies of this report. On the front there are these words typed in red: They knew â they buried this. Please save the world!

Each of you feel a very loyal tie to your boss and your company/country. You all have mortgages, and families to feed. It is likely if you blow the whistle on this report, you will lose your job and your livelihood. You're not even sure who wrote the study in your envelope or who actually sent it to you.

Now to the task at hand:
Utilizing your profession's code of ethics, what would be your first step? Who would you talk to first? Would you go to the press? Would you go to your boss? Should you do anything at all?

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Kinesiology 2241A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Terminal Velocity

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