Kinesiology 2230A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Endergonic Reaction, Exergonic Reaction, Metabolic Pathway

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19 Oct 2018

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Quantify amount of o2 consumed, what it(cid:1685)s doing is giving us a sense of how much energy is being produced. Way fats and carbs are metabolized is different. Effects how much o2 we can consume as we switch from breaking down carbs or fats. Molecular structure of carbs and fats are different. Fewer o2 with fat, need to add more as it(cid:1685)s being metabolized. Require more o2 to get same amount of energy. Because substrates are broken down differently and structures are different. If burning fats, going to consume more energy and ventilation will be higher. Carbs are more efficient when consuming o2. Twice as much energy from a gram of fat vs. carb. When carbs stored in muscle as glycogen, they require water. When store carbs as glycogen in muscle, increase the weight- not changing amount of energy but changing how much energy you get per gram of carb when stored in muscle.

Related Questions

Part 1

The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of ATP is

Multiple choice

ATP-ase.

cytochrome C.

NADPH.

ATP synthase.

Part 2

The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is water.

True/Fale

Part 3

Alex, Kim, and Jenna have different levels of activity, and thus require a varied amount of calories per day. Alex is an athlete, and he requires 3500 calories per day to fuel his high intensity activity. Jenna is a secretary and is sedentary most of her day. Her low level of activity requires a mere 1800 calories a day, while Kim, a professional dancer, needs 2800 calories per day to fuel her moderate level of activity.

	Jenna	Kim	Alex
Profession	Secretary	Professional Dancer	Athlete
Level of Activity	Low	Moderate	High
Caloric Needs	1800 Calories/Day	2800 Calories/Day	3500 Calories/Day

Fats are broken down in cellular respiration to generate the ATP needed to fuel our bodies. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Percent Recommended Daily value for fats in a balanced diet should not exceed more than 30% of the total daily calorie intake. Fats provide 9 calories per gram.

Nutritional needs of Jenna

What question would this calculation answer?
Finding 30% of 1800 calories and then dividing by 9 calories per gram.
1800 calories x 0.30 = 440 calories
440 calories/9 calories per gram = 49 grams

Multiple Choice

How many grams of fat can Jenna consume in one meal?

How many fat calories can Jenna consume each day?

How many calories are found in 9 grams of fat?

How many grams of fat can Jenna consume each day?

Part 4

Proton pumps are protein complexes that

Multiple Choice

synthesize water from hydrogen and oxygen.

break down water into hydrogen and oxygen.

move hydrogen ions across cell membranes.

move electrons through the cell membrane.

Part 5

As protons move through the proton pump,

Multiple Choice

the membrane becomes more permeable to the hydrogen ions.

the concentration of hydrogen ions inside and outside the cell reaches equilibrium.

they build up on one side of the membrane, producing a concentration gradient.

conformational changes occur within the membrane proteins.

Part 6

The transfer of hydrogen ions across the membrane generates a potential energy gradient.

True/False

Please help answer both parts of the question with full detail.Will give good rating.

a) Contrary to what we may have grown up learning, only smallanimals hibernate (not completely trueâ¦black bears are now believedto hibernate, however itâs a different mechanism than smallanimals-more on this later in the semester). Hibernation occurswhen an animal lowers its metabolic rate below itâsBMR.

Lets explore this relationship between hibernation and bodysize, by considering stored energy and the rate of energymetabolism (utilization). Here, you will calculate whetherhibernation is necessary by comparing a 1200 pound polar bear and a1.5 pound grey squirrel (like those living here in Columbus). Wecan compare how long each could survive during a winter fast ifthey used only body fat as their energy source, and do nothibernate (which requires a drop in metabolism below the BMR). Theweight-specific Basal metabolic rate (BMR) of mammals is 4.46M^-0.30 when expressed in units ofmLO₂consumed per gram of body tissue perhour and (importantly) weight is calculated ingrams. For this simple estimate, you may use BMR, but keepin mind that small animals have a larger increase in metabolismwith temperature than large animals. Calculate how long each animalcould survive on stored fat equal to 20% of its total body weight(this is a fairly reasonable fat amount found in both squirrels andbears in nature). Make sure you keep all units very clear duringthis calculation, there are many steps.

Potentially useful information:

The value of energy content of fat is 9.3 kCal per gram of fatand 2.0 L of O₂ are consumed per gram of fatmetabolized. There are 5280 feet in a mile, and 1.0 foot = 0.3048meters. One calorie = 4.184 joules. One pound (lb) = 454 grams andone ounce is 28.375 grams.

b) Given your results, what do you think might be the potentialsolutions for a) squirrels and b) polar bears for surviving throughthe winter (keeping in mind that food is scarce so they canât juststay awake and look for food!) This should only be a FEWsentences!

pinkzebra569

1.When something appears blue, it is absorbing all colors except__________.

yellow

blue

red

green

orange

2.During heavy exercise, lactic acid can build up in ourmuscles. Why? How does this resemble the metabolism of bacteria andyeast?

lactic acid is results from insufficient oxygen during sugarmetabolism; it is fermentation

lactic acid accumulates when we are dehydrated; bacteria andyeast use the same pathway

lactic acid is built up from carbon dioxide; bacteria and yeaststore energy in this way

3.Why must a cell keep a similar concentration of dissolvedsubstances with the fluid surrounding them?

to avoid dilution of potential energy

to avoid osmotic imbalance and rapid gain or loss of water

to maintain the correct amount of dehydration and hydrolysis

4.What is entropy?

the amount of energy in a system

the amount of disorganization

the amount of organization

5.Burning a log is the reverse reaction found in photosynthesis.What products would be formed in burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

6.The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur stepby step instead of a single, big reaction is

cells don't store enough oxygen

too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

cells don't have many mitochondria.

cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration veryslowly

7.Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to:

raise activation energy

lower activation energy

supply activation energy

supply the reactants

8.When ATP powers a reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can reform ATP by an exergonic reaction

is a waste product for lysosomal breakdown

can reform ATP by an endergonic reaction

can reform ATP by an oxidation reaction

can reform ATP by an equilibrium reaction

9.The energy source that drives photosynthesis is

water

glucose

carbon dioxide

oxygen

sunlight

10. What is the process by which enzymes regulate their ownactivity?

osmosis

self-propulsion

feedback inhibition

11.Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

12.How is water used in photosynthesis?

as a substrate for ATP synthase

as an electron donor

to combine with ADP forming ATP

as an electron acceptor

13.Why are the âDark Reactionsâ of photosynthesis referred to asâDarkâ?

they do not require light

they can only occur at night

they generate excess sugar and the leaves turn brown

14.What is the difference between potential and kineticenergy?

potential is stored, kinetic is being used

potential is being used, kinetic is ready to be used

potential is negative, kinetic is positive

15.The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose, water, and ATP

glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

oxygen, ATP, and water

carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

16.All of the following are correct about energy except:

The biological world gets its energy from the sun.

Chemical bonds store potential energy.

A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

All forms of energy can be converted to heat.

17.What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate,to enter the citric acid cycle?

More glucose for energy

ATP

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

18.The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondriaand phosphorylates ADP

a carrier protein

ATP synthase

acetyl CoA

19.Fermentation is most common in

plants

microorganisms

animals

20.During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions aregenerated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

water; they help form sugar

from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

21.Glycolysis

does not use oxygen

uses oxygen

uses carbon dioxide

22.Photosynthesis is

not dependent on chlorophyll

a process that produces glucose and oxygen

a process that produces water and carbon dioxide

23.Breakdown of glucose generates many ATP molecules, each ofwhich can be used independently. Why is ATP ideally suited to powerbiological reactions?

ATP has many hydrogen bonds

ATP has enough energy to power one biological reaction

ATP readily dissolves in water

24.Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity todo so are said to possess:

kinetic energy

entropy

potential energy

living energy

25.The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

photorespiration

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidation

26.Diffusion

requires energy

utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

moves molecules against a concentration gradient

does not require energy

cannot occur without a membrane present

27.What is the name of the molecule on which an enzymeworks?

substrate

monomer

polymer

28.ATP contains

phenylalanine

two phosphate groups

three nitrate groups

three phosphate groups

29.How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

by absorbing carbon dioxide

by absorbing the sun's energy

by absorbing water

30.Objects that are moving are said to possess:

living energy

potential energy

entropy

kinetic energy

31.The respiration pathway that evolved first is probably

glycolysis

aerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

32.The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

oxygen

sunlight

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

33.Burning wood generates heat and light. What type of reactionis this?

exergonic

kinetic energy

endergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

34.What is meant by a âcoupled reactionâ in terms of energy?

many poymers are built simultaneously

energy released by one reactions powers another reaction

some reactions occur in the same organelle

35.The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

energy is constantly being created by entropy events

energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy'sactions on it

energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy

36.How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose thatis metabolized during respiration?

by breathing out

via our urine

it is broken down in lysosomes

37.Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because theyboth

carry on respiration

carry on photosynthesis.

require water

38.What is Activation Energy?

the energy needed to initiate a reaction

the energy that transports water into cells

potential energy

39.If you put a plant in a chamber and shine a light on it

oxygen will decrease and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen will increase and carbon dioxide will decrease

oxygen and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen and carbon dioxide will decrease

40.What are the inputs and the output molecules for the overallphotosynthetic process?

input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

41.What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

endergonic

kinetic energy

exergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

42.In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pairof three-carbon molecules called

lactate

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

ATP

alcohol

43.Entropy is

order

disorder

complexity

Both order and disorder are correct

Both complexity and disorder are correct

44.Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citricacid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the___________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria, chloroplast

mitochondria; cytoplasm

cytoplasm; mitochondria

45.The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants isthe

mitochondria

chloroplast

ribosome

chlorophylllysosome

46.The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

cellular respiration

oxygen

the light reactions of photosynthesis

47.Which of the following can be broken down into intermediateproducts that enter cellular respiration?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

All of these.

48.When cellular product levels get too high, the responsibleenzyme is inhibited. This is an example of

promotion

denaturation

equilibrium

a coenzyme

feedback inhibition

49.How is respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?

respiration breaks sugar down to carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbuilds sugar from carbon dioxide

respiration builds sugar from carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbreaks sugar down to carbon dioxide

respiration requires energy input; photosynthesis gives offexcess energy

50.The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

oxygen

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

sunlight

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Kinesiology 2230A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Endergonic Reaction, Exergonic Reaction, Metabolic Pathway

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