Foods and Nutrition 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Glucose Tolerance Test, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
10 Jan 2018
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Chapter 13: Lifecycle Nutrition – Mother & Infant Nutrition (Part 2)
Common discomforts of pregnancy
Common Pregnancy Complaints with Dietary Implications
• “Morning” (or anytime) sickness
– Due to hormonal changes;; minimize strong cooking odours
• Hyperemesis gravidarum
– Prolonged N&V;; requires medical attention
• Constipation
– Consume high-fibre foods;; drink plenty of fluids;; exercise routine
• Heartburn (3rd ) usually fat because last empty into intestine
– Have small frequent meals, no spicy or greasy foods, avoid lying down after eating
(eat 2x healthy not 2x food)
Other Special Considerations in Pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes
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– Resolves after infant’s birth;; may lead to Type 2 DM (usually in obesied woman)
– Linked to surgical birth (c-sections) and high infant BW (Oral glucose tolerance test)
• Edema
– Fluid retention late in pregnancy esp. in lower legs
• Preeclampsia
– Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH); proteinuria; whole body edema, esp. swollen face & arms
– Affects 1 in 20 pregnancies, usually in 3rd trimester
Other Special Considerations in Pregnancy
• Older pregnancy
– >35 y.o.
• Multiple gestation
– Twins, triplets, + (need to supple more nutrients)
• Closely-spaced births
– < year interval
• Pica
– Abnormal food cravings for clay, ice, cornstarch, match heads, mothballs
(related to iron deciency)
Post-natal nutrition: lactation
Post-Natal Nutrition (Lactation)
• Breastfeeding and weight loss for Mom
– Mothers who breastfeed 3 months or longer experience accelerated weight loss (more cal than
be prgened)
– Gradual loss of 1 lb/wk is safe & does not reduce milk output
– Breastfeeding burns some energy, but a healthy diet & dose are still cornerstones for weight control
(less depression, more skin context reduce death rate)
Post-Natal Nutrition (Lactation)
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• Energy needs for lactation
– Baby takes about 750 mL breast milk/day
– Mom needs 500 calories to produce it in addition to meeting her own caloric needs
– Eat extra 330 kcal/day;; 170 kcal drawn from fat stores
• Fluid needs for lactation
– Mom needs about 13 c fluids/day to prevent dehydration
– This can be via milk, juice or water
– Reminder to consume fluids (especially water) after breastfeeding & with meals
Post-Natal Nutrition (Lactation)
• Nutritional deprivation of lactation moms
– Reduces quanitity, not quality of breast milk
– Women produce milk with adequate PRO, CHO, fat, and folate even when their supplies are limited
• Milk quality maintained at expense of maternal stores
Post-Natal Nutrition (Lactation)
• Baby eats what mom eats
– Baby benefits when mom’s diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, adequate dairy,
lean meats, and healthy fats (mom eat more of the food, child eat in the future)
– Healthy fats are important for brain development
• Infants tend to be sensitive to cow’s milk lactose/protein, garlic, onions, beans, peppers, and other
common “gassy food”
– May cause gas or reflux or general discomfort
– If infant seems bothered by a specific food, the mother can eliminate it from her diet for a few days
to see if it helps
(clastron only at the very beginning of breast feeding)
Breastfeeding: What to Avoid
• Alcohol
– Enters breast milk; affects production, volume, composition, & ejection reflex; alcohol concentration
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Chapter 13: lifecycle nutrition mother & infant nutrition (part 2) Common pregnancy complaints with dietary implications: morning (or anytime) sickness. Due to hormonal changes; minimize strong cooking odours: hyperemesis gravidarum. Prolonged n&v; requires medical attention: constipation. Consume high-fibre foods; drink plenty of fluids; exercise routine: heartburn (3rd ) usually fat because last empty into intestine. Have small frequent meals, no spicy or greasy foods, avoid lying down after eating (eat 2x healthy not 2x food) Other special considerations in pregnancy: gestational diabetes. Resolves after infant"s birth; may lead to type 2 dm (usually in obesied woman) Linked to surgical birth (c-sections) and high infant bw (oral glucose tolerance test: edema. Fluid retention late in pregnancy esp. in lower legs: preeclampsia. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (pih); proteinuria; whole body edema, esp. swollen face & arms. Affects 1 in 20 pregnancies, usually in 3rd trimester. Other special considerations in pregnancy: older pregnancy. Twins, triplets, + (need to supple more nutrients: closely-spaced births.
