Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Starch, Glycogen

21 views15 pages

blushcrocodile900

13 Feb 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

What happens to the carbon assimilated through the calvin-benson cycle: the process of photosynthesis = generates. Atp from sunlight and water, and how it uses. Only form of energy that animal can use . There is a lot of energy stored in these reduced carbons like starch and sugar, but the cells cannot use it directly and it has to be transformed into atp. Autotrophic: they can produce their own energy, they do photosynthesis, for animals: Heterotrophic: we organisms cannot produce our own energy, we have to get it from the outside world. You can break down heterotrophic organisms into different categories: herbivores, omnivores: direct consumption of plant carbohydrates, taking most of the carbohydrates produced by plants and transforming. Carnivores: glycogen (animal carbohydrate store) from prey, and conversion of prey them into atp protein: they do not eat a lot of plants, e. g. cat does not eat a lot of plant.

Related Questions

......Use the following to feel out the sentense: cycled, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP

During ____________ , mitochondria break down carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to make ____________ .

This process requires ____________ and carbohydrates, and produces ____________ and water.

During ____________ , chloroplasts use water and ____________ to create carbohydrates.

This process requires ____________ and water, which are byproducts from ____________ .

In turn, it produces ____________ and carbohydrates that are used in ____________ .

In this manner, the flow of energy is ____________ between chloroplasts and mitochondria.

..........use the following to feel out each sentense: from, oxidized, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, gains, to, loses, reduced.

During ____________ , hydrogen atoms are transferred ____________ water ____________ carbon dioxide as glucose forms.

Thus, during ____________ , carbon dioxide is ____________ , while water is ____________ . In other words, carbon dioxide ____________ electrons and water ____________ electrons.

During ____________ , glucose is ____________ as oxygen is ____________ , becoming water.

In each of these reactions, while one molecule loses electrons (is ____________ ), another gains electrons (is ____________ ); thus, each of these metabolic pathways includes redox reactions: coupled reduction and oxidation reactions.

..........use the following to feel out the sentenses: increase, conservation of energy, first of thermodynamics, input, decrease, laws of thermodynamics, secod law of thermodynamics, heat

The ____________ explain energy flow and energy conservation and can be applied to biological systems.

The ____________ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, also known as the law of ____________ .

The ____________ states that energy is lost when it is converted from one form to another, often in the form of ____________ .

As cells go through transformations, they ____________ the total entropy of the universe, resulting in a ____________ in available energy.

For example, photosynthesis in plants requires an energy ____________ to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar because there is a ____________ in entropy.

1.When something appears blue, it is absorbing all colors except__________.

yellow

blue

red

green

orange

2.During heavy exercise, lactic acid can build up in ourmuscles. Why? How does this resemble the metabolism of bacteria andyeast?

lactic acid is results from insufficient oxygen during sugarmetabolism; it is fermentation

lactic acid accumulates when we are dehydrated; bacteria andyeast use the same pathway

lactic acid is built up from carbon dioxide; bacteria and yeaststore energy in this way

3.Why must a cell keep a similar concentration of dissolvedsubstances with the fluid surrounding them?

to avoid dilution of potential energy

to avoid osmotic imbalance and rapid gain or loss of water

to maintain the correct amount of dehydration and hydrolysis

4.What is entropy?

the amount of energy in a system

the amount of disorganization

the amount of organization

5.Burning a log is the reverse reaction found in photosynthesis.What products would be formed in burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

6.The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur stepby step instead of a single, big reaction is

cells don't store enough oxygen

too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

cells don't have many mitochondria.

cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration veryslowly

7.Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to:

raise activation energy

lower activation energy

supply activation energy

supply the reactants

8.When ATP powers a reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can reform ATP by an exergonic reaction

is a waste product for lysosomal breakdown

can reform ATP by an endergonic reaction

can reform ATP by an oxidation reaction

can reform ATP by an equilibrium reaction

9.The energy source that drives photosynthesis is

water

glucose

carbon dioxide

oxygen

sunlight

10. What is the process by which enzymes regulate their ownactivity?

osmosis

self-propulsion

feedback inhibition

11.Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

12.How is water used in photosynthesis?

as a substrate for ATP synthase

as an electron donor

to combine with ADP forming ATP

as an electron acceptor

13.Why are the âDark Reactionsâ of photosynthesis referred to asâDarkâ?

they do not require light

they can only occur at night

they generate excess sugar and the leaves turn brown

14.What is the difference between potential and kineticenergy?

potential is stored, kinetic is being used

potential is being used, kinetic is ready to be used

potential is negative, kinetic is positive

15.The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose, water, and ATP

glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

oxygen, ATP, and water

carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

16.All of the following are correct about energy except:

The biological world gets its energy from the sun.

Chemical bonds store potential energy.

A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

All forms of energy can be converted to heat.

17.What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate,to enter the citric acid cycle?

More glucose for energy

ATP

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

18.The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondriaand phosphorylates ADP

a carrier protein

ATP synthase

acetyl CoA

19.Fermentation is most common in

plants

microorganisms

animals

20.During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions aregenerated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

water; they help form sugar

from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

21.Glycolysis

does not use oxygen

uses oxygen

uses carbon dioxide

22.Photosynthesis is

not dependent on chlorophyll

a process that produces glucose and oxygen

a process that produces water and carbon dioxide

23.Breakdown of glucose generates many ATP molecules, each ofwhich can be used independently. Why is ATP ideally suited to powerbiological reactions?

ATP has many hydrogen bonds

ATP has enough energy to power one biological reaction

ATP readily dissolves in water

24.Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity todo so are said to possess:

kinetic energy

entropy

potential energy

living energy

25.The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

photorespiration

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidation

26.Diffusion

requires energy

utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

moves molecules against a concentration gradient

does not require energy

cannot occur without a membrane present

27.What is the name of the molecule on which an enzymeworks?

substrate

monomer

polymer

28.ATP contains

phenylalanine

two phosphate groups

three nitrate groups

three phosphate groups

29.How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

by absorbing carbon dioxide

by absorbing the sun's energy

by absorbing water

30.Objects that are moving are said to possess:

living energy

potential energy

entropy

kinetic energy

31.The respiration pathway that evolved first is probably

glycolysis

aerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

32.The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

oxygen

sunlight

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

33.Burning wood generates heat and light. What type of reactionis this?

exergonic

kinetic energy

endergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

34.What is meant by a âcoupled reactionâ in terms of energy?

many poymers are built simultaneously

energy released by one reactions powers another reaction

some reactions occur in the same organelle

35.The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

energy is constantly being created by entropy events

energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy'sactions on it

energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy

36.How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose thatis metabolized during respiration?

by breathing out

via our urine

it is broken down in lysosomes

37.Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because theyboth

carry on respiration

carry on photosynthesis.

require water

38.What is Activation Energy?

the energy needed to initiate a reaction

the energy that transports water into cells

potential energy

39.If you put a plant in a chamber and shine a light on it

oxygen will decrease and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen will increase and carbon dioxide will decrease

oxygen and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen and carbon dioxide will decrease

40.What are the inputs and the output molecules for the overallphotosynthetic process?

input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

41.What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

endergonic

kinetic energy

exergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

42.In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pairof three-carbon molecules called

lactate

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

ATP

alcohol

43.Entropy is

order

disorder

complexity

Both order and disorder are correct

Both complexity and disorder are correct

44.Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citricacid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the___________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria, chloroplast

mitochondria; cytoplasm

cytoplasm; mitochondria

45.The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants isthe

mitochondria

chloroplast

ribosome

chlorophylllysosome

46.The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

cellular respiration

oxygen

the light reactions of photosynthesis

47.Which of the following can be broken down into intermediateproducts that enter cellular respiration?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

All of these.

48.When cellular product levels get too high, the responsibleenzyme is inhibited. This is an example of

promotion

denaturation

equilibrium

a coenzyme

feedback inhibition

49.How is respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?

respiration breaks sugar down to carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbuilds sugar from carbon dioxide

respiration builds sugar from carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbreaks sugar down to carbon dioxide

respiration requires energy input; photosynthesis gives offexcess energy

50.The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

oxygen

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

sunlight

amaranthbear841

Question 1 The membrane structures inside the chloroplast are called the ______, while the fluid surrounding the stacks of membrane is called the ______.
a. stroma; thylakoid
b. thylakoid; cytosol
c. thylakoid; stroma
d. thylakoid; matrix
e. matrix; thylakoid

Question 2 What is considered the ultimate source of energy for living things on Earth?
a. the sun
b. electrons
c. green plants
d. oxygen
e. ATP

Question 3 Why do most plant leaves appear green?
a. They contain a lot of starch which has a green color.
b. They have chloroplasts which absorb green light for photosynthesis.
c. During the light reaction phase carbon dioxide is converted to oxygen which emits green light.
d. They have chloroplasts which absorb all colors of light except for green, which is reflected.
e. During the dark reaction phase water is converted to oxygen which emits green light.

Question 4 Plants perform only photosynthesis, not respiration. True False

Question 5 What is the primary purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
a. to create oxygen gas
b. to produce glucose
c. to convert solar energy to chemical energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) to power the dark reactions
d. to remove carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere
e. to create water

Question 6 The light dependent reactions occur in the:
a. mitochondrial membrane.
b. mitochondrial matrix.
c. stroma.
d. thylakoid membrane.
e. cytosol.

Question 7 The energy to run the dark reactions of photosynthesis is produced _________.
a. by the CO2 initially used in the dark reactions.
b. during glycolysis
c. during the light reaction phase
d. during the Krebs cycle
e. during anaerobic respiration

Question 8 Which of the following substances could be totally eliminated and not interfere with the process of photosynthesis?
a. O2
b. H2O
c. light
d. CO2

Question 9 What product(s) do plants produce during photosynthesis that is/are used by humans and other animals?
a. carbon dioxide
b. carbon dioxide and water
c. glucose and oxygen
d. glucose
e. oxygen

Question 10 Only plants can carry out photosynthesis. True False

Question 11 During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ...
a. oxygen is produced from H2O.
b. glycolysis occurs.
c. the Krebs cycle occurs.
d. CO2 is combined into glucose.
e. ATP is broken down to ADP + P

Question 12 The reactants of photosynthesis are:
a. sugar.
b. sugar and water.
c. O2 and CO2
d. O2 and sugar.
e. CO2 and water.

Question 13 During the dark reaction phase of photosynthesis in plants...
a. ATP is created.
b. H+ ions are moved into the stroma from the matrix.
c. molecules of CO2 are combined into sugar.
d. H2O is split into oxygen and H+.
e. solar energy is converted to chemical energy.

coffeelion96

Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Starch, Glycogen

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Superoxide, Citric Acid Cycle, Nadh Dehydrogenase

Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cytochrome C, Nadh Dehydrogenase, Lipid Bilayer

Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate, Glycogen Synthase, Oxidative Phosphorylation

Related Questions