Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Photosynthetic Reaction Centre, P680, Northern Hemisphere

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limewombat732

10 Dec 2016

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Metabolism 1: photosynthesis oxygen we breath, the food we depend on, also a component of the climate cycle things that were once locked up and releasing them the summer, driving down co2 levels. In winter there is respiration, which releases co2 production in yield was increasing up to 40% n. Red line is the variation in atmosphere co2 concentrations over a year. Signal in the northern hemisphere is larger than southern because there is more landmass there. Photosynthesis is the most important biological process on earth creates the. Globabl carbon cycle concerned about co2 emission. Human changes are emitting too much carbon per year into the atmosphere taking. Changes in photosynthesis warf the things we"re doing. )n april it"s the highest of the year, then around september its around the lowest a lot of photosynthesis in the northern hemisphere over. Rice production during the green revolution there were periods where the food.

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1.What is an ecological footprint? What is the greatestcontribution that you make to your footprint? How could you reduceit?

2. Are humans a keystone species? Support your answer.

3. Why does community connectedness matter?

4. Why does community change matter?

5. What kind of environmental features favor pioneer species,what kind favor climax/late succession species? What kinds ofadaptations favor pioneer species, and what kinds favor climaxspecies?

5. What do we mean when we say that landscapes are stable?

6. What would a community ecologist be able to learn from the USCensus?

7. What does evolution have to do with community ecology?

8. What role does disturbance play in ecology? Giveexamples.

9. You will be expected to be able to calculate species richnessand determine evenness and species diversity indices.

10. You will be expected to make a connection between carryingcapacity, population growth, and community succession in NewJersey.

11. What are the factors that can or could influence thecarrying capacity of NJ?

12. Rank the following three factors in terms of their impact onhuman carrying capacity: space availability, food availability,money availability.

13. Why are some invasive species more successful (i.e. havegreater fitness) in their introduced environment compared to theirnative environment?

14. What is global change about and how do our actions affectit? How is NJ going to be affected by global change?

15. Why, if it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winterin the northern hemisphere, do we see an overall increase in globalCO2 concentrations?

16. What is a dead zone and how is it created? What humanactivity (ies) help create a dead zone?

17. How would a fire that burns most of a forest affect theenergy, water, nutrient, and carbon cycles?

18. What are ecosystem services? Give an example of two.

19. Show how the energy and carbon cycles are inter-related.Explain what is happening in your diagram.

20. You need to be able to explain why nitrogen is important andwhy too much nitrogen is bad.

21. Which gas is more important for global warming:CO₂ or methane? Why?

22. What are the major carbon sinks and sources on earth?

23. What evidence do we have that CO2 concentration of theatmosphere has increased in the last 200 years and what evidence dowe have that that increase is due to human activity?

24. What is happening to our oceans in response to the increasein CO2 in the atmosphere. Be complete, there is more than one partto this answer.

25. How do we know that global warming is and will have animpact on populations, communities, and ecosystems?

26. Given what we know about Japanese knotweed, global change,and human activity, explain the interactions and consequences ofJapanese knotweed invasion on our water supply. You need toinclude, the physiology of the plant, the population ecology of theplant, the water cycle (ecosystems), and global change.

27. Regional climate change models predict that this area willget warmer and receive more rainfall. They also predict thatagriculture (i.e. growing plants) will suffer. Explain why. Becomplete in your answer. There are several factors at workhere.

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greywasp586

Could you please proof read my work (Scientifically and correctgrammar) on mangroves issues regardingSocial, Economical, Environmental and Political areas. I wouldhighly appreciate your help.

Here itis:

Issues:

The mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each yearin ecosystem services as it acts as bases for successful fishingand prawning industry since it provides breeding, feeding andnursery areas for marine species worldwide. Studies in EasternAustralia have estimated that around 67% of the entire commercialcatch is composed of species dependent upon mangrove estuarineareas. The northern Prawn fishery, one of the most valuablefisheries in Australia which is lined by mangrove communities,injects millions of dollars each year into the NT economy. Forexample, In 1996/97 around 3266 tonnes of prawns were produced fromNT waters, valued at around $51 million. In addition, approximately$7.5 million of mud crab and $3.3 million of barramundi were caughtin the NT.

Also in countries such as Belize in USA, theannual economic benefits from reef and mangrove dependent fisheriesis estimated at between US$14â16 million. Furthermore, mangrovesalso benefit the economy by providing recreational facilities forexample, in 2007 many coastal Belizeans Coral reef- andmangrove-associated tourism contributed an estimated US$150 millionto $196 million to the national economy (12 percent to 15 percentof GDP).

Additionally, mangrove forests provide thesociety across the globe with huge range of 'ecological services'such as providing a source of timber which can be used to builddwellings and boats, fuel-wood for cooking and heating sinceAvicennia woods have a high calorific (heating) value,food and traditional medicines for example, the bark ofAvicennia marina can be used to treat stingray stings. Allof these mangrove products can raise the economy of the country bybeing sold by the individuals that collect them. For example, incountries such as Sri Lanka, the collective mangrove productsrepresent a total gross value of US$ 1,171/household/year. Theycontribute to the income of poor, medium and rich income categoryby approximately 42%, 37% and 21% respectively.

Mangroves are also food sources for thesurrounding ecosystems. In New South Wales, it was reported thatone square kilometre of mangrove forest contributes to about 600tonnes of plant material each year to the estuary food chain. Also,mangroves also provide birds sanctuary for northern hemispherebirds. For example, it was reported that a wide variety of 128 birdspecies have been found inhabiting mangroves in Darwin Harbour.

They also provide students with valuable sourcefor understanding the complex scientific interrelationshipsinvolved in the mangrove ecosystem for example linking the changesin abiotic factors with the changes in the biotic factors along themangroves intertidal zone.

Mangroves can also act as barriers againsttsunamis, cyclones and hurricanes. Empirical and field basedevidence is limited, but analytical models show that 30 trees per100m² in a 100m wide belt may reduce tsunami flow rateby as much as 90%. For example in 1960 a tsunami hit the coast ofBangladesh in an area where the mangroves were intact. No-one died.These mangroves were subsequently cut down by the shrimp (prawn)farming industry and in 1991 thousands of people were killed when atsunami of the same magnitude hit the same region.

Mangroves create a physical barrier, slowingwater movement from the land and trapping sediments. Accordinglythey make land and reduce the erosion along estuaries and creeksand by doing so, they reduce contaminants and sediment run up intothe water and act as natural bio-filters, maintaining the health ofcoral reefs and coastal habitats.

Furthermore, the mangrove forests play animportant role in sequestering coastal carbon from the atmosphereand dissolving it into the ocean. Although the intertidal mangroveforests cover only 0.1% of the earth's surface, they contribute upto 10 % worldwide of the ocean's dissolved organic carbon. This isapproximately equal to the amount reaching the ocean from theAmazon river, the largest single source of dissolved organiccarbon.

Unlike CO2 absorbed directly from theatmosphere, much of the carbon produced by mangrove trees is boundup in large molecules which are highly resistant to decomposition,and is therefore likely to be held in the ocean for decades insteadof being returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Due to the extractive activities in mangrove forests inAustralia such as the illegal collection of crabs and mangroves'fruits for medicinal purposes as well as timber harvesting, thegovernment and several agencies have introduced laws to protect themangorve forests. For example on the 1^st of March 2009,in Queensland, the Government introduced green zones which protects16 % of the Moreton bay marine park. The Government has placed, a$21 million investment in the park which includes a $15 millionStructural Adjustment Program to reduce the environmental andeconomic effects of commercial fishing effort displaced by the newzoning arrangements by purchasing commercial fishing licences

Another example is that in 2003, 465 km² ofmangroves and associated habitats around Darwin Harbourwere zoned conservation areas by several agencies, including EPA (Environmental protection Agency), DPI ( Department of planning andinfrastructure) and several others, under an amendment to theNorthern Territory Planning Scheme. This includes 95.6% ofmangroves in the harbour. Also, in South Australia, 28% of themangroves are lying within protected areas that are covered by anumber of acts set by the government

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Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Photosynthetic Reaction Centre, P680, Northern Hemisphere

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