Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Escherichia Coli, Extremophile, Exergonic Reaction

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erinfish440

15 Apr 2017

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Cells exchange energy and matter with their surroundings. It takes a little over 1 atp to make one peptide bond. The entropy of the system plus the surroundings must increase (second law of thermodynamics) Living things maintain low energy, since you are always synthesizing new things. That will balance out all the breakdown of other thing which will keep the entropy of the cell low. We can use this energy to drive protein synthesis. Enthalpy can be endothermic (+) or exothermic (-) Entropy can be more spreadout/more disorder (+) or les spreadout/more organized (-) Reactions tend to be spontaneous (- g) when they"re exergonic, aka a will be converted to b when g is exergonic (-) converted to b when g is exergonic (-) Fermentation of glucose is spontaneous because it is exergonic. These are all spontaneous reactions as they occur at a very slow rate. Enzymes have a phenomenal catalytic ability to increase the rate 10^12 to.

Related Questions

As entropy increases there will be more useful energy to doâworkâ. True or false?

False. As entropy increases, there will generally be less usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. Imagine a car motor, which attempts toturn chemical potential energy into kinetic energy (movement). Lessefficient motors will get hotter for the same amount of fuelconsumed. When you drive a car you hope that most of the fuelenergy is converted into kinetic energy and not lost as heat(entropy). The hotter the car (and thus the more entropy) the lessefficient the ability to do âworkâ (the moving of the vehicle).

True. As entropy increases, there will generally be more usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. In most biological and mechanicalsystems it is heat energy which is captured to do useful 'work'.Heat energy, the random movement of molecules, and increases inentropy are central to doing useful work.

Biological systems sometimes appear on the surface to break theSecond Law of Thermodynamics â by seemingly increasing the order inthe overall system. They donât. Why?

a. Earth (and living things on it) are not a closed system. Thesun's constant input of energy in the form of photons is harnessedby living things to create internal order within themselves. Butwithout such a constant input of energy, most biological systems onearth would break down.

b. The Second Law tells us that no natural process can occurunless it is also associated with an increase in the entropy of theuniverse. A living organism (such as an animal or plant) brings inmatter and energy from its environment and uses this to creategreater order within its body: the processes of life. But it isimportant to keep in mind that all animals and plants are also partof a larger system of the environment around them. While creating asmall âpocketâ of order, the processes of life (metabolism,movement, etc..) releases heat into the environment â thusincreasing the entropy of the universe and following the2^nd law.

c. Living things, by harnessing energy to create order (withinand around themselves) actually create a paradox in questionssurrounding the first and second laws of thermodynamics andseemingly violate many previously held assumptions.

d. Both a and b above are correct.

When plants capture energy in the photons of sunlight andconvert that energy into the chemical bonds of organic molecules,are they creating new energy?

No, the energy is being transferred from one form into another.But no new energy is being created.

No, the overall total energy is decreasing over time.

Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating newenergy.

Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating new energy -of a different wavelength.

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Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

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What are the three components of the cell theory?

Of what is the cell membrane is mainly composed?

TRUE or FALSE: A prokaryotic cell has a nucleus.

TRUE or FALSE: An eukaryotic cell does not have membrane-bounded organelles.

Most organelles can be found in both in plants and animals. What three organelles are unique to plants?

What organelles can only be found in animal cells?

Which of the following contains digestive enzymes?

TRUE or FALSE: In most mammals, the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from the mother only.

TRUE or FALSE: Flagella are not found on eukaryotic cells.

How do phospholipids interact with water to form the cell membrane?

TRUE or FALSE: All living things have a plasma membrane and a cell wall.

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

What is the example of potential energy that was given in the lecture notes?

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

What is entropy?

What is an exergonic reaction?

What is an endergonic reaction?

TRUE or FALSE: An enzyume is an organic molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes a cellular reaction.

How does an enzyme work?

What is the region of an enzyme that binds the substrate?

TRUE or FALSE: Phagocytosis is an example of bulk transport.

TRUE or FALSE: Osmosis involves the movement of water only.

What is competitive inhibition?

What is non-competitive inhibition?

What is the energy currency of our bodies?

How do particles move in passive transport?

How do particles move in active transport?

Which type of plastid stores starch?

The largest amount of DNA is localized to the ________ in both bacteria and archaea.

Which organelle creates the lysosome?

Which component of the endomembrane system modifies proteins?

Which is the hereditary material of life?

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down ingested bacteria?

In non-competitive inhibition (allosteric regulation), where does the inhibitor bind?

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be ________ nor ________ .

Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Escherichia Coli, Extremophile, Exergonic Reaction

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