Biology 1002B Lecture 13: LEC #13

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Lateral gene transfer: genes move from mitochondria/ chloroplast into nucleus. Origin of endomembrane system, nuclear membrane, er etc. Where did the nuclear envelope come from? from the infolding of plasma membrane itself part of this membrane breaks off and becomes nuclear envelope. Origin of er is also the same (same as nuclear membrane) This is where the internal complexity of eukaryotes came from. They dont" make energy, they transduce it. Endosymbiosis: a theory that chloroplast & mitochondria were once individual living bacteria, they are descendants of ancient bacteria. Aerobic bacterium are progenitors of modern day mitochondria, they can make massive amount of atp. By engul ng this aerobic bacterium, a cell gains. After the aerobic bacterium gets engulfed, another cyanobacterium is engulfed. (note: if a cell has chloroplast, it will also have mitochondria) Cyanobacterium are progenitors of modern day chloroplast. The cell that engulfed both aerobic bacterium & cyanobacterium goes off to generate plants, chlamydomonas etc.

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