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Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Spindle Apparatus, Dna Replication, Sister Chromatids

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oliveeel203
29 Aug 2016
School
Western University
Department
Biology
Course
Biology 1001A
Professor
Tom Haffie

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Document Summary

Lecture 4: phases and main characteristics of the cell cycle. In prokaryotic cells: binary fission: stages and main characteristics of mitosis. Interphase (not mitosis), takes up most of the time. G1- length varies, period of growth, cell make rna, protein. S- dna replication occurs for 10-12 hours, continues synthesis of other molecules too. G2- cell continues to synthesize rna and protein, 4-6 hours. * cell can go into g0 phase, and stop, and go back to g1 phase, some do not (like nervous system), once they are mature* Prophase- chromosomes condense, nucleolus smaller and disappears, centrosome divide into. 2, generate mitotic spindle (microtubules) as they move away from each other. Prometaphase- mitotic spindles grow more, into the nuclear area, kinetochore has now formed at centromere, bind to kinetochore microtubules (non-kinetochore microtubules just overlap) Metaphase- chromosomes align at spindle midpoint/ metaphase plate, chromosomes complete condensation (only here take shape), karyotype from this stage.

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Related Questions

Part A:

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes cell reproduction is similar in that it requires some kind of signal to proceed, DNA replication, careful separation of the DNA into two equal portions, and division of the cytoplasm. How is cell reproduction different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Select one:

a. In a eukaryotic organism, the signals for cell division are usually not related to the environment but to the function of the entire organism.

b. Eukaryotic cells constantly divide whenever environmental conditions are adequate and the cells are large enough.

c. The linear chromosomes in prokaryotes are constantly being updated.

d. Prokaryotic cell division requires cytokinesis before mitosis because of their small size.

e. The sexual phase of most prokaryotes (bacteria) is essential to the rapid cell division required for infection.

Part B:

What does the name Cyclin Dependent Kinase stand for?

Select one:

a. A protein important to the cell cycle that is dependent on DNA synthesis.

b. An enzyme that cuts DNA so that chromosomes can segregate.

c. An enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins using ATP only when the protein Cyclin is bound to the enzyme.

d. An enzyme that rolls along microtubules dragging a vesicle.

e. An enzyme that connects chromosomes to the spindle fiber.

Part C:

The Cell Cycle is divided into Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Interphase. Mitosis can be ordered into the following phases:

Select one:

a. Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase

b. Anaphase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Prophase/Telophase

c. Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase

d. Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Anaphase

e. Anaphase/Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase

Part D:

The Cell Cycle is divided into Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Interphase. Interphase can be ordered into the following phases:

Select one:

a. S/G1/G2

b. G2/G1/S

c. G1/S/G2

d. G2/S/G1

e. G1/G2/S

Question 11 options:

A condition characterized by the growth of endometrial cells in areas other than the endometrium is called

Question 12

A standard screening test for cervical cancer is called

Question 13

The period of prenatal development in which the basic parts of the organ systems are formed is the

Question 14 options:

Detection of

Spell check is used by pregnancy test kits to detect the early stages of pregnancy.

Question 15

The actual gene sequence governing the expression of a trait is called a

Spell check , whereas the physical expression of this trait is the PHENOTYPE , which can also be defined as the physical expression of a gene.

Question 16

Down syndrome is a disorder where a person has an chromosome 21.

Question

A picture of all chromosomes taken in metaphase and used for analysis is called a

Question 18

A pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants in an area other than the uterus is called

Question

The basic building blocks of DNA are called

Question 20

Monosomy of the X chromosome characterized by a short stocky neck, underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics, and infertility is called

syndrome.

Question 21

A deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 with a typical cry that resembles a meowing cat characterize

Question 22

A serious psychological disorder characterized by the fear of becoming obese is called

Question 23

Diffusion of gases between capillary beds and tissues is called respiration.

Question 24

The destruction of alveoli by irritants such as cigarette smoke and agricultural dust is found in a disorder called

Question 25

Of the three types of skin cancer which are the most likely to metastasize

Question 25 options:

Melanoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

All of the above have equal ability to metastasize

Question 26

Cancer of this organ/gland causes the most deaths annually

Question 26 options:

Lung

Breast

Prostate

Bladder

Question 27

The correct order of stages of the cell cycle that a new cell will go through immediately after being produced by mitosis is

Question 27 options:

S, G1, G2, M

G1, G2, M, S

G1, S, G2, M

M, G1, S, G2

Question 28

What is the purpose of DNA replication

Question 28 options:

To copy the information in a gene so that extra protein synthesis can be done

To make an RNA copy of the gene

To provide the cell with extra DNA in case the original gets damaged

To ensure that two cells produced by mitosis have the same genetic information as the parent cell

Question 29

Which of the following is not a function and/or advantage of mitosis

Question 29 options:

It can repair damaged tissue

Growth takes place through mitosis

It can replace old or damaged cells

All of the above are functions and/or advantages

Question 30

Which stage of the cell cycle occurs just after mitosis

Question 30 options:

G1

G2

S

Prophase

Save

Question 31 (1.5 points) Question 31 Unsaved

DNA replication is completed by the end of

Question 31 options:

Prophase

G1

S phase

G2

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of DNA

Question 32 options:

Generally double stranded

Stores the cell genetic information

Replicated by DNA polymerase

Contains A, C, U, and G

Question 33

These cell may enter G0 of the cell cycle permanently

Question 33 options:

Hepatocytes

Transformed cells

Neurons

Cells in the digestive system

Question 34

When a primary spermatocyte, goes through meiosis, how many mature sperm will be produced

Question 34 options:

1

2

3

4

Question 35

When a primary oocyte goes through meiosis, how many mature eggs will be produced

Question 35 options:

1

2

3

4

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.