Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Pyrimidine Dimer, Sister Chromatids, Dna Replication

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11 Oct 2016

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Essential outcomes: biology final exam: principles underlying evolution by natural selection: origin of variation, heritability, differential reproduction, changes in genotype of the population over time. Origin of variation: the difference between the genes in the animals in a population. Sex causes variation by mixing up the genes of a male and female. Mutations cause variation because the parents have even less similarity to their children then. If the mutation causes the organism to thrive in its environment, it will likely produce more and more offspring and could over time create enough to have majority of the population carry that gene. Finally, spreading genes between populations is another way to get genetic variation. This could be done if a member of one population mates with a member of another population. Heritability: is an estimate of how much of the diversity regarding a certain trait is due to diversity in the population"s gene pool.

Related Questions

1/ What is the difference between the different patterns ofselection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2/ How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how does thatdiffer from the mechanism by which humans acquire variation?

3/ What were the key observations made by Darwin to develop thebasic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4/ What are the most common misconceptionsabout evolution and why are they not valid arguments againstevolution?

5/ The key component of the theory of evolution isnatural selection. Define this process. Why is itcommonly known as âsurvival of the fittestâ? What are examples offactors (selective pressures) that drive evolutionof populations?

6/ What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogousstructures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7/ Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8/ How can evolution explain theformation of complex structures such as the eye or the flagellamotor?

9/ What causes variation in a species? To putthis another way: all humans have the same genes, yet we do notlook alike. What is the reason for the phenotypicdifferences between individuals of the same species? What isgenetic recombination?

10/ What are the dangers of small populations of a species froma genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is thebottleneck effect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is theimportance of geographic isolation? How is thisillustrated in the Galapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does ithelp us better understand medical conditions?

copperhornet769

1. Humans and chimpanzees share several polymorphic loci. Which is the LEAST plausible explanation for this fact?

A. Balancing selection has maintained polymorphism in both species

B. Incomplete lineage sorting left polymorphic loci and those have persisted since the speciation event.

C. Interbreeding has allowed introgression of alleles at theses loci in both directions.

D. Genetic variation provided by the polymorphic alleles enhances resistance to pathogens.

2. According to the social brain hypothesis, we should expect primates living in larger social groups to have:

A. Larger brains, specifically, a neocortex of relatively larger size

B. Lager incisors and canines, to defend against more social competitors

C. Smaller brains, because many individuals can work together to solve problems

D. Great variation in brain and neocortex size, with the dominant individuals having the largest

3. You extract DNA from human bones in an ancient village buried by volcanic ash. You discover that there is an extremely high frequency of the LCT allele for lactase persistence. What might you reasonably conclude about the population?

A. This population is likely the source of the high frequency of the LCT gene in Northern Europe

B. The village could not be more than 4,500 years old

C. The members of this population likely used domesticated livestock for their milk

D. villagers had a diet rich in wheat or another domesticated crop

4. Why do populations father from Africa have more deleterious mutations in their genome?

A. Repeated bottlenecks and founder effects made drift more intense more often

B. Populations farther from Africa have been exposed to more mutagens in the environment

C. As people migrated over the globe they interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans

D. The populations are younger, so purifying selection has not had time to purge delirious mutations from the populations.

yelloweel732

1. What is the difference between the different patternsof selection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2. How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how doesthat differ from the mechanism by which humans acquirevariation?

3. What were the key observations made by Darwin todevelop the basic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4. What are the most common misconceptions about evolutionand why are they not valid arguments against evolution?

5. The key component of the theory of evolution is naturalselection. Define this process. Why is it commonly known asâsurvival of the fittestâ? What are examples of factors (selectivepressures) that drive evolution of populations?

6. What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogous structures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7. Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8. How can evolution explain the formation of complexstructures such as the eye or the flagella motor?

9. What causes variation in a species? To put this anotherway: all humans have the same genes, yet we do not look alike. Whatis the reason fro the phenotypic differences between individuals ofthe same species? What is genetic recombination?

10. What are the dangers of small populations of a speciesfrom a genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is the bottleneckeffect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is the importance ofgeographic isolation? How is this illustrated in theGalapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does it help usbetter understand medical conditions?

carminegnu677

Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Pyrimidine Dimer, Sister Chromatids, Dna Replication

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