Biology 2581B Lecture 1: Smith notes

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sangriapanda814

24 Aug 2016

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Focus on the big picture of things rather than the intricate details: This is where genes and genomes are found. The evolution & diversification of life are the result of genetic and genomic changes. It can be difficult to define exactly what a genome is: A set of genetic instructions within a biological compartment . Carl woese categorized the three main branches: bacteria, archae, eukaryota. Luca is the last universal common ancestor of all living things: evolved in a dna world (>3. 5 bya) Before luca was an rna world: so dna must have come from rna. Some rna viruses have rna genomes: may have evolved in the early rna world and thus viruses are said to be ancient organisms. Just think of all living things as sacks" of dna. Eukaryotes are further subdivided into a giant tree. Plants, fungi, and animals make up a very small portion of this tree.

Related Questions

QUESTION 19

Among all protostomes, which morphological trait is most varied?

		type of symmetry
		type of body cavity
		number of embryonic tissues
		type of development

1 points

QUESTION 20

Nematodes are acoelomate animals.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 21

The first genetic material on Earth was probably __________.

		DNA produced by reverse transcription
		DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA
		protobionts
		self-replicating RNA molecules

1 points

QUESTION 22

Free point. Mark "true"

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 23

Which of the following is a characteristic of a flagellate?

		The use of pseudopods as feeding structures.
		They are often multinucleate.
		They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.
		Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water.

1 points

QUESTION 24

The chelicerates have 2 pair of antennae.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 25

Nematoes and arthropods both _________________.

		develop an anis from the blastopore formed during gastrulation
		are suspension feeders
		grow by shedding their exoskeleton
		have ciliated larva

1 points

QUESTION 26

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?

		incurrent siphon
		mantle cavity
		visceral mass
		excurrent siphon

1 points

QUESTION 27

True segmentation (metamerism) evolved 3 seperate times.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 28

The first coelomate animals are the _______________________________.

		Nematoda
		Platyhelminthes
		Mollusca
		Arthropoda

1 points

QUESTION 29

Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it?

		How can amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleotides be synthesized abiotically?
		How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences?
		How could polymers involving lipids and/or proteins form membranes in aqueous environments?
		How can RNA molecules act as templates for the synthesis of complementary RNA molecules?

1 points

QUESTION 30

The greatest number of endemic species is expected in environments that are _____.

		easily reached and ecologically diverse
		isolated and show little ecological diversity
		isolated and ecologically diverse
		easily reached and show little ecological diversity

1 points

QUESTION 31

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____.

		all individual variation is due only to environmental factors
		the environment is changing at a relatively slow rate
		the population size is large
		the population lives in a habitat without competing species present

1. What recent research has indicated that studying Down Syndrome may hold a key to cancer growth and slowing tumor growth? In your answer be sure to mention the DSCR1 gene, angiogenesis suppression, and why individuals with Downâs Syndrome rarely have solid tumor growth. 2. Select your favorite chromosome and list the following: Three disorders that are found on this chromosome, Indicate the type of disorder (dominant, recessive) and the type of numerical or structural aberration. 3. Assume that crossing over does not occur in the region of each chromosome that is associated with the centromere. You have 46 centromeric regions in each cell, 23 that are copies of the DNA in your motherâs egg and 23 that are copies of the DNA fatherâs sperm. a. For any given gamete, what is the probability that all the centromeric regions will be copies of the same ones that you received from your mother? b. It has been estimated that the average person is heterozygous for at least 2,000 protein forming genes. How many different kinds of gametes is it theoretically possible for each person to produce? c. Considering the maternal and paternal origin of the centromeric regions alone, how many different kinds of gametes can you produce? 4. Find a current article on Telomerase (within the last year). Summarize the article and answer the following: What is telomerase? Why is it viewed as the fountain of youth? Attach the abstract or the first page. 5. Promiscuous Sun Flower has five lovers, but she has decided that the only true father of her child can have her hand in marriage. Sunâs Blood type is A- her five suitors blood types are as follows: a. Maury AB+ b. Elmer O+ c. Willie A- d. Jiggs B- e. Cousin it B+ 6. What is the epigenome. Explain why the study of the epigenome may not follow normal Mendelian genetics 7. Explain what is meant by the statement âWomen are just as hemizygous as menâ. 8. After having 10 children you remarryâ¦â¦ What is the probability of you now having a boy and then a girl, and then a girl, and then a boy, and then a boy or a girl, and then a girl? You now have 16 childrenâ¦â¦ 9. The genetic code has four codons for the amino acid Valine (GUG, GUC, GUU, GUA). Organisms have evolved to use some codes more than other codes. Which of the valine codes would you expect to be preferentially used in the genome of an algae growing in a hot spring at Yellowstone Park? EXPLAIN your answer 10. You discovered a new virus that needs to be studied. You begin by digesting the virus with protease (an enzyme that completely digests all proteins) until only amino acids remain. You then determine that the base composition of the viral nucleic acid is 38% Cytosine, 35% Glycine, 15% Thymine, and 12 % Adenine. To which class could this virus belong? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER a. Single-stranded RNA Virus b. Double-stranded RNA Virus c. Single-stranded DNA Virus d. Double=stranded DNA Virus e. None of the above because there is not enough information given to make a guess. 11. Adenine is found in numerous biological molecules (for example, DNA, RNA, NADH, ATP). You are now asked to explain the evolution of adenine and at least 5 of these biological (Adenine containing) molecules and how they may have evolved (the order).

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Biology 2581B Lecture 1: Smith notes

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