Biology 2485B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Exponential Growth, Logistic Function, Carrying Capacity

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4 Jan 2019

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Recently, more rapid increase in the human population (similar to an exponential growth) Maximum growth rate occurred in the 1960s, though population growth has decreased. We"ve been appropriating these resources for exponential growth. Before we talked about populations, natural populations cannot grow exponentially forever where there has to be a limit. A model that may be growing exponentially but when it encounters environment resistance (different factors that will limit the growth), that rate of increase will slow down and the population will max out at the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity: carrying capacity = the maximum population size that can be supported in a given environment, without depleting that environment (specific to a given species in a given location/environment) Different species may have different carrying capacities in the same environments. It went up to about 2000 individuals and then it eventually crashed. Lichens are a critical food resource in winter months.

Related Questions

1.What is an ecological footprint? What is the greatestcontribution that you make to your footprint? How could you reduceit?

2. Are humans a keystone species? Support your answer.

3. Why does community connectedness matter?

4. Why does community change matter?

5. What kind of environmental features favor pioneer species,what kind favor climax/late succession species? What kinds ofadaptations favor pioneer species, and what kinds favor climaxspecies?

5. What do we mean when we say that landscapes are stable?

6. What would a community ecologist be able to learn from the USCensus?

7. What does evolution have to do with community ecology?

8. What role does disturbance play in ecology? Giveexamples.

9. You will be expected to be able to calculate species richnessand determine evenness and species diversity indices.

10. You will be expected to make a connection between carryingcapacity, population growth, and community succession in NewJersey.

11. What are the factors that can or could influence thecarrying capacity of NJ?

12. Rank the following three factors in terms of their impact onhuman carrying capacity: space availability, food availability,money availability.

13. Why are some invasive species more successful (i.e. havegreater fitness) in their introduced environment compared to theirnative environment?

14. What is global change about and how do our actions affectit? How is NJ going to be affected by global change?

15. Why, if it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winterin the northern hemisphere, do we see an overall increase in globalCO2 concentrations?

16. What is a dead zone and how is it created? What humanactivity (ies) help create a dead zone?

17. How would a fire that burns most of a forest affect theenergy, water, nutrient, and carbon cycles?

18. What are ecosystem services? Give an example of two.

19. Show how the energy and carbon cycles are inter-related.Explain what is happening in your diagram.

20. You need to be able to explain why nitrogen is important andwhy too much nitrogen is bad.

21. Which gas is more important for global warming:CO₂ or methane? Why?

22. What are the major carbon sinks and sources on earth?

23. What evidence do we have that CO2 concentration of theatmosphere has increased in the last 200 years and what evidence dowe have that that increase is due to human activity?

24. What is happening to our oceans in response to the increasein CO2 in the atmosphere. Be complete, there is more than one partto this answer.

25. How do we know that global warming is and will have animpact on populations, communities, and ecosystems?

26. Given what we know about Japanese knotweed, global change,and human activity, explain the interactions and consequences ofJapanese knotweed invasion on our water supply. You need toinclude, the physiology of the plant, the population ecology of theplant, the water cycle (ecosystems), and global change.

27. Regional climate change models predict that this area willget warmer and receive more rainfall. They also predict thatagriculture (i.e. growing plants) will suffer. Explain why. Becomplete in your answer. There are several factors at workhere.

28. Why are sea-levels increasing globally? Give a detailedanswer. What are some likely consequences going to be (other thanlosing land).

greywasp586

Question1.1. Accidental alterationsduring DNA replication that give rise to variations in organismsare __________. (Points : 1)

adaptive traits
mutations
symbioses
random distributions

Question2.2. The largest reservoir ofcarbon in the carbon cycle is comprised of _________. (Points :1)

freshwater systems andoceans
plants and animals
sedimentary rock andfossil fuels
atmosphere

Question3.3. The principle of utility________. (Points : 1)

holds that any naturalresource should be available for use in manufacturing
holds that something isright when it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest numberof people
is not an ethicalstandard
cannot be used toestimate the value of natural resources

Question4.4. The two processes thatdetermine current biodiversity on a global scale are __________.(Points : 1)

allopatric speciation andimmigration
mutation and habitatselection
mutation and globalclimate change
extinction andspeciation

Question5.5. The conservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)

exploit natural resourcesfor economic gain regardless of sustainability
be prudent and efficientin the use of natural resources
consider the environmentthe ultimate servant of mankind
maintain the environmentin a pristine, unaltered state

Question6.6. The preservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)

be responsible for wisemanagement while using natural resources
protect areas againstdevelopment while allowing public access
harvest naturalresources
maintain the naturalenvironment in a pristine, unaltered state

Question7.7. Trophic levels and foodchains diagram __________. (Points : 1)

logistic curves
energy flow in anecosystem
population density
natural resourcefluctuations

Question8.8. A hypothesis is ________.(Points : 1)

a prediction
an educated guess thatexplains a phenomenon or answers a question
an instrument that isused to examine environmental conditions
the design of anexperiment that can be used for the process of science

Question9.9. A biocentric view of theworld emphasizes ________. (Points : 1)

the role of corporationsin environmental law
the importance ofconsidering environmental impacts on all living things
the importance ofeconomics in environmental decisions
the dual-natured view ofhumans and animals as environmental controls

Question10.10. Malthus was responsiblefor ________. (Points : 1)

the book The PopulationBomb that described the disastrous effects of human populationgrowth
the idea that theincrease in human population would lead to famine and war
the concept that humanpopulation growth would lead to greater industry and prosperitythrough education
instituting fertilizeruse for agriculture

Question11.11. Ecology is ________.(Points : 1)

the study of how to solveenvironmental problems
the study of organismsand their interactions with each other and the environment
a subfield ofenvironmentalism
the study of the E. colifamily of bacteria

Question12.12. The scientific processis based on ________. (Points : 1)

observations thatresearchers keep in a scientific journal
testing hypotheses builton observation, and revising them based on results
intuitive understandingof natural laws and processes
the ancient writings ofHeraclitus

Question13.13. Which of the followingis an abiotic factor? (Points : 1)

Amphibians
Wood
Mammals
Water

Question14.14. In environmentalscience, "carrying capacity" means the ___________. (Points :1)

maximum population sizethat a given environment can sustain
average number of viableoffspring produced within a population
potential number ofspecies in a given area
limitation on the numberof species in an ecosystem

Question15.15. The Cuyahoga River madepeople aware of environmental problems because __________. (Points: 1)

people in manycommunities became sick when using water from the river
the drinking water inelementary schools near the river became contaminated
the river caught onfire
the river stoppedsupporting any plant or animal life

Question16.16. The conversion processwhere nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions,which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening orwhen air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certainbacteria, is known as ________. (Points : 1)

the carbon cycle
nitrogen fixation
ionic conversation
bacterial ionization

Question17.17. The fresh water wedepend on for survival accounts for approximately __________ of allwater on Earth. (Points : 1)

two-thirds
one-third
10%
3%

Question18.18. A paradigm is ________.(Points : 1)

a group of severalhypotheses that can be tested together
a dominant view inscience
the same as ahypothesis
synonymous with thescientific method

Question19.19. The degree of disorderin a substance, system, or process is called ________. (Points :1)

chaos
entropy
energy
electricity

Question20.20. A population is definedas ___________. (Points : 1)

a group of individuals ofmultiple, interacting species that live in a particular area
a group of similarspecies that inhabit various ecosystems
a group of individuals ofa single species inhabiting a particular area
(crude birth rate +immigration rate) - (crude death rate - emigration rate)

periwinklecoyote319

1. Which of the following definitions of âlifeâ is correct? a) Life is composed of inorganic matter that can reproduce and undergo natural selection b) Life is composed of organized matter that can sexually reproduce and remain constant over time c) Life is composed of organized matter that is capable of undergoing reproduction and natural selection d) Life is composed of autotrophic matter that can self-replicate and remain constant over time

2. Prokaryotes can adapt to rapid changes in environment because: a) they have such short generation times b) they can form endospores c) nothing can limit their population growth d) they are motile e) all of the above

3. Which of the following sets of life forms all possess mitochondria a) Archaea and Bacteria b) Fungi and Archaea c) Animals (Metazoa) and Plants d) Fungi, Animals (Metazoa) and Bacteria e) Animals (Metazoa) and Archaea

4. Which of the following are NOT metazoans (animals) a) arthropods b) invertebrates c) vertebrates d) prokaryotes e) insects

5. Which life cycle phase is dominant in angiosperms? a) gametophyte b) archegonia c) microsporangia d) megasporangia e) sporophyte

6. Which of the following is NOT a trend in the evolutionary specialisation of land plants a) Increasing dominance of sporophyte generation b) Decreasing dependence on water for reproduction c) Development of structural specialisation that allow increased plant size d) Development of non-photosynthetic fungi as an evolutionary offshoot of plants e) Development of various forms of flowers and complex interactions with insects

7. All animals and plants share a number of traits. One of these is a) autotrophy b) a cell wall c) mitochondria d) chloroplasts e) all of the above

8. The multicellular body plans of different animals, plants and fungi a) are the products of convergent evolution b) consist of multiple genotypes c) are always produced asexually d) can be used to classify these multicellular organisms e) are invariable between individuals

9. The carrying capacity of populations will often be determined by: a) access to mates b) parasitism c) competition for resources d) the breeding rate e) predation

10. Keystone species are: a) predators that sit at the top of the food-chain b) the most abundant species in the community and therefore have the strongest effect on community dynamics c) species that have a strong effect on community dynamics relative to their abundance d) typically at the bottom of the food-chain e) more abundant in late succession communities

Biology 2485B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Exponential Growth, Logistic Function, Carrying Capacity

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