BIOL 2080 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Pigeon Pea, Algal Bloom, Eutrophication

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orangehorse801

25 Mar 2016

School

University of Windsor

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 2080

Professor

Julie Smit

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Document Summary

Legumes are important: second most important in terms of crops (behind grasses) What makes legumes special in terms of agriculture: they have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Have normal kind of root: taproot with a bunch of roots coming out. Little balls are called nodules: they contain the bacteria rhizobium. They both benefit from the relationship mutualistic. Rhizobium is a nitrogen fixer: provides plant with nitrogen. Nitrogen is often limiting to plant growth: that is why we use fertilizer for soil, fertilizer also has potassium and sulfur (nitrogen is number one) The plant provides the bacteria with sugars: the bacteria are then able to grow. Lots of bacterial cells in nodules: each are like factories working to produce nitrogen, this nitrogen is available to the plant, helping with its growth. There is usually so much nitrogen there, that some of the nitrogen goes to the plant roots and some goes into the soil.

Related Questions

All plants require nitrogen in forms they can absorb through their roots, and that accessible nitrogen is provided by certain soil bacteria. In fact, most soil nitrogen comes from bacterial activity.While many plants rely on the activity of free-living soil bacteria for ammonium ions () and nitrate ions (), some plants form extremely close symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. For example, Rhizobium bacteria (one type of nitrogen-fixing bacteria) take up residence inside the root cells of legume plants, which include peas, soybeans, and clover. In this activity, you will indicate how the legumes and the Rhizobium bacteria are affected by this symbiosis.Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin. If the phrase applies to both plants and bacteria in the legume-Rhizobium relationship, drag it to the "both" bin. If the statement applies to neither plants nor bacteria in the legume-Rhizobium relationship, drag it to the "neither" bin. Note that a bin may remain empty.

ceruleancaribou154

Class 6: Viruses (and Cells, continued)

Making connections: viruses and microbes Match the cell biology concept (on page 1) with an important application of that concept (on page 2). Then answer the follow-up questions at the bottom of page 2.

Cell Biology concepts
1. Bacteria that cannot construct new cell wall material become fragile and break down.
2. During influenza infection, the viral enzyme neuraminidase is required to release new viruses from the host cell in which they were made. Once released, the new viruses can infect many additional cells.
3. Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in hot springs and can live at temperatures up to ~80Â°C (175Â°F). It has adapted so that its enzymes are most functional at the elevated temperatures, compared with many organismsâ enzymes that function best ~37Â°C (98Â°F).
4. Until the isolation and investigation of retroviruses, scientists thought that RNA could be copied from DNA, but DNA could not be copied from RNA. Research on this class of viruses led to an update to this âCentral Dogmaâ of biology.
5. Some bacteria have adapted, so that the enzymes involved in making cell wall materials have a slightly different shape and can no longer be bound by certain drugs.
6. Rhizobia are bacteria that colonize the roots of certain plants (legumes, including beans and peas). The host plant benefits from the prokaryotesâ ability to âfixâ nitrogen, converting N2 from the atmosphere into a form that is usable by the plant.
7. Many species of bacteria contain the enzyme cellulase. More than 10 billion such bacteria and other symbiotic microbes may be found in a single milliliter of material from inside the digestive system of ruminant mammals.
8. Fungi, including those that cause athleteâs foot, use ergosterol to maintain healthy membranes. Animal cells do not make ergosterol, they use a similar lipid â cholesterol.
9. During retrovirus infection, a DNA copy is made of the virusâs RNA genome. A cut is made in the host cellâs DNA and the DNA copy of the viral genome is pasted into the host chromosome by a viral enzyme called integrase.
10. Prokaryotic cells contain smaller ribosomes (â70Sâ ribosomes) than eukaryotic cells (â80Sâ ribosomes). Both types of ribosomes synthesize proteins, but the macromolecules they use to do it are somewhat different.

2
Applications
_______ Oseltamivir, also called Tamiflu, binds and inhibits the viral protein neuraminidase.
_______ Clotrimazole is a drug that is used to treat certain infections. It interferes with synthesis of ergosterol, a lipid involved in phospholipid membranes.
_______ Penicillin is a drug that interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycans (these are biological molecules that are part protein and part carbohydrate) that are present in certain cell walls.
_______ HIV is often treated with several drugs that inhibit different parts of the viral replicative cycle. Raltegravir is an example of a drug that interferes with the integration of viral genes into the host cellâs chromosome.
_______ Cows, like other vertebrates, lack the ability to breakdown cellulose. Yet they are able to live on a diet of grass and other vegetation high in cellulose.
_______ Enzymes isolated from extremophiles have been very useful in laboratory research. For example, Taq polymerase facilitates PCR, a revolutionary technique for production of DNAs of particular sequences, which requires cycling reactions through high temperatures.
_______ Plants and animals require nitrogen to make biological macromolecules, however theyâre unable to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form.
_______ Azithromycin is a drug that binds to 70S ribosomes and blocks synthesis of any new proteins.
_______ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause life-threatening infections of the skin and bloodstream. One of the reasons MRSA infections are so serious is that they are resistant to treatment by many antibiotics, including methicillin and penicillin.
_______ The enzyme reverse transcriptase, isolated from retroviruses, is an important tool in molecular biology research. Scientists interested in learning what genes are turned on in particular cells use it to make DNA copies of RNAs they are studying (The DNA copies are useful because they are more stable).

When you have completed the matching activity, answer these follow-up questions:
â¢ What types of infections can be treated with the following drugs?
o Penicillin
o Clotrimazole
o Azithromycin
o Tamiflu
o Raltegravir
â¢ Why are these drugs (above) safe for you to take? That is, why donât they kill your cells?
â¢ Cancer cells are your own human cells that have become deregulated so that they divide and pile up in an uncontrolled way. Many chemotherapy drugs treat cancer by interfering with cell division and other cell processes.
o Why are there so many more side effects for individuals undergoing chemotherapy than for individuals taking antibiotics?

BIOL 2080 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Pigeon Pea, Algal Bloom, Eutrophication

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