PHL100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Reductio Ad Absurdum, Modus Tollens, Modus Ponens
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E. g. telling truth or returning a weapon to the insane. Socrates response to polemarchus" argument to give each what they"re owed. E. g. each his due" - benefit friends and harm enemies. E. g. if friends are useful , one might be mistaken about who one"s friends are. E. g. ruler in precise sense never makes mistakes. E. g. if rulers err obeying the ruler can"t be right. E. g. if rulers err obeying the ruler can"t be right i. e. reject a conclusion, implicating a premise. Making distinctions [a preliminary, not an argument] E. g. craftsmen do 2 things: craft & earn money. E. g. community and individual; person and state. Modus ponens: ( the way of putting! ) if p then q. Modus tollens ( the way that takes away! ) E. g. harming x makes x bad" (what harm? for whom?) Begging the question - (assuming the conclusion) Rhetoric doesn"t equal argument: other means of persuasion. E. g. seeing, hearing, knowing, being healthy (367d)
