HPS211H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Holy Roman Empire, Electric Generator, Pneumatics
4 Jun 2012
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Document Summary
Introduction to new concepts in the 19th century (i. e. evolution, cells, genes, energy, etc. ) 19th. c. , a period marked by institutionalization and professionalization of science. The # of people who became engaged in science (professionally) grew in the 19th century. Universities the center of scientific research. Intense application of science in industries, especially physical science. A part of science became tech-oriented/practical arts. General view in 17th and 18th c. , (i. e. linnaeus) Linnaeus later stated that change can occur in species (very minor) within closely-related species. Buffon"s origin of the earth and changes of species. Beginnings of evolution theory movement away from religious explanation (?) for species. New evidence from fossils and comparative anatomy. Fossils revealed very different species in past. Professor at museum of natural history, paris. Species undergo changes in characters; they are not invariant (just look at man-bred domestic animals and plants) Variations of species are not random; they have a direction: toward adaptation to environment.
