HIS109Y1 Lecture 12: LECTURE 12
02/10/2015
Lecture 12
The Realignment of Europe
MOHAMMED II (1451-1481)
SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT (D. 1566)
MOBACS (1526)
LEPANTO (1571)
GRANADA
VASCO DA GAMA
• Other forces at work
• Situations made Europeans feel that they were losing control
• Shifts in society were complex
• Italian economic wonder which was driven by trade with the Byzantine Empire—made
Italy wealthier and more powerful than anywhere else (banking system, network of
diplomatic and economic structures spreading through continent, etc.)
• Italy was a sophisticated place, but events overtook it
• In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Turks under Mohammed II (had been founded by
Constantine in 14th century)
• No longer did Italians have a dominant position in trade
• War resulted, only way Europeans could challenge aggressive new empire that was
moving farther to the West
• People were terrified by their inability to stop the Turks (navies, military, etc. were
employed)
• Caused crisis amongst European mentality—why was God so angry/not helping?
• Mohammed II, the conqueror, was a great ruler who took advantage and expanded the
Ottoman Empire until it was the most powerful stat in the Western world
• Other empires fell (Serbia, 1469 and Bosnia, 1464)
• Venetian trade dying
• Turks began to attack and capture trade around Black Sea (such as Cappa)
• Italy as’t ee safe i 48/8, Mohaed set a fleet to apture the Christias ad
force them to convert to Islam—if they did’t, they ere killed
• Turks were determined to turn the Mediterranean into Turkish land, convert people,
turn Italy into one of the Ottoman Empire provinces)
• Rather than continue their drive into the European continent, they moved towards their
own lands (they attacked Persia, Serbia, and more)
• Turkish Empire was a huge arch including the Mediterranean by 1517 (Italy was next)
• Ottomans were so successful that they were the most powerful state in Western
Europe/the world by 1559
• Christias did’t ko hat to do or ho to respod
• Terror amongst Christian Europeans; spiritual fear
• Continual movement westward of the Turks, had already established control over the
Muslim states of West Africa
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02/10/2015
• Most dangerous was the battle at Mohacs in 1526, when the young king of Hungary put
together huge numbers of mercenaries and Christian European armies to try to take
down the Turks—however, they were completely annihilated, Turks moved north and
by 1529 took over Vienna)
• Turkish supply lines were running dry, siege was over, people were still terrified because
they ould’t stop the—this as’t the last siege of Viea
• Coffee from India was established, bakers made puff pastry in the shape of the Turkish
flag (crescent moon—croissant)—MODERN BREAKFAST!
• Turks treated Christians as if they were idiots—higher taxes, restrictions, etc.
• Powers in Venice believed they were the front lines of Christendom against the Turks
• Atlantic base of Europe, explorers were to find a different route to East) to increase
trade that the Europeans had become accustomed to (started by Portuguese, then
Spanish)
• Portuguese had a good position on the Atlantic sea-post, ships
Base from which a new crusade could be launched
Sailors would sail a little farther South down the coast of Africa every year—they
reached the Equator first ever
Established colonies in Africa, economic basis, started the three coasts (ivory,
gold, slave)
Good for European knowledge of African coastline
Then Bartholomew Diaz sailed around the coast of Africa—now Africa had an
end, could be sailed around
Could reach markets of India and China directly from here
• Vasco da Gama was employed
• Voyages of discovery by Portuguese meant European control could be cheaply
maintained—Mediterranean was too expensive and dangerous
• Italian economy began its decline
• Portuguese control of luxury trade and Atlantic sea route meant that those interested in
other routes had to find their own (ex. Columbus)
• Spaniards had to find another route, Spain had to become a united kingdom before
Columbus could sail
• Small kingdoms that constituted the now Iberian Peninsula were Portugal, Muslim
Grenada, Spain
• The Moors had entered what is now Spain in 711
• After foundation of religion moors from Africa began to move deeply in Europe
• Charles Martello battle of Europe to capture France
• Moors established a stable, powerful wealthy kingdom in Granada
• Dynastic union of two crowns of hestile and Aragon
• Dynastic marriage ros uited, kigdos ere’t
• Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to unite kingdoms, problem was to overcome centuries
of stress, warfare, different dialects
• Both shared zealous roman Catholicism
• Instrument for uniting peninsula and ultimately driving lords and knights out of Spain
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Document Summary
Vasco da gama: other forces at work, situations made europeans feel that they were losing control, shifts in society were complex. Italian economic wonder which was driven by trade with the byzantine empire made. Italy wealthier and more powerful than anywhere else (banking system, network of diplomatic and economic structures spreading through continent, etc. ) Italy was a sophisticated place, but events overtook it. In 1453, constantinople fell to the turks under mohammed ii (had been founded by. Ottoman empire until it was the most powerful stat in the western world: other empires fell (serbia, 1469 and bosnia, 1464, venetian trade dying, turks began to attack and capture trade around black sea (such as cappa) Europe/the world by 1559: christia(cid:374)s did(cid:374)"t k(cid:374)o(cid:449) (cid:449)hat to do or ho(cid:449) to respo(cid:374)d, terror amongst christian europeans; spiritual fear, continual movement westward of the turks, had already established control over the. Spanish: portuguese had a good position on the atlantic sea-post, ships.
