BCH210H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 31: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Pyruvate Decarboxylase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Lecture 31: Anaerobic Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis
Lactate Dehydrogenase
• In the absence of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in the
mitochondria and pyruvate is converted to lactate, replenishing NAD+
• NADH and FADH2 increase (build up) due to backing of ETC
- NADH can inhibit CREB steps
- Excess pyruvate will go into side reaction
• Pyruvate will use NADH to reduce pyruvate to form lactate
• NADH from CREB will be converted to NAD+ for glycolysis to make a little bit of energy
Anaerobic metabolism
• During periods of limited oxygen, anaerobic metabolism occurs
• Glycolysis is the only means of generating ATP (NADH cannot be used for energy)
• Lactate dehydrogenase depletes NADH levels so no ATP is made from NADHcyt. by oxidative phosphorylation
• This reaction does however, replenishes NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
• Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
Alcohol Fermentation in yeast
• Step 6 of glycolysis make
NADH
• Final step of glycolysis
make pyruvate
• In yeast, two consecutive
reactions produce CO2 and
ethanol and also replenish NAD+ for glycolysis
- Pyruvate decarboxylase instead of lactate dehydrogenase to produce acetaldehyde which is converted to
ethanol through alcohol dehydrogenase (makes NADH from glycolysis, oxidize to make NAD+ which can go
back into glycolysis for yeast to use glucose for breakdown to make ethanol
The many fates of pyruvate
• Pyruvate → lactate (when O2 is low)
• Fermentation to ethanol (anaerobic metabolism)
• Pyruvate → acetyl CoA (by PDC in mitrochondria)
• Pyruvate → oxaloacetate (for CREB to produce ATP)
Gluconeogenesis
• Need to have an alternate sources in addition to liver glycogen to supply glucose (limited)
• New carbon source must be accessible in the blood in significant supply (i.e. lactate, glycerol, alanine)
• The liver (and kidney) can convert lactate/pyruvate into glucose via gluconeogenesis
- 2 glycerol used to produce 1 glucose (due to 3 carbons present)
• Other non-carbohydrate precursors (glycerol, alanine) can be used
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Document Summary
In the absence of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in the mitochondria and pyruvate is converted to lactate, replenishing nad: nadh and fadh2 increase (build up) due to backing of etc. Excess pyruvate will go into side reaction: pyruvate will use nadh to reduce pyruvate to form lactate, nadh from creb will be converted to nad+ for glycolysis to make a little bit of energy. Lactate dehydrogenase depletes nadh levels so no atp is made from nadhcyt. by oxidative phosphorylation. Alcohol fermentation in yeast: step 6 of glycolysis make. Nadh: final step of glycolysis make pyruvate. In yeast, two consecutive reactions produce co2 and ethanol and also replenish nad+ for glycolysis. The many fates of pyruvate: pyruvate lactate (when o2 is low, fermentation to ethanol (anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate acetyl coa (by pdc in mitrochondria, pyruvate oxaloacetate (for creb to produce atp)