BIOB51H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Macrophage, Mutation Rate, Thymidine
5 Jul 2018
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LECTURE 15/16/17 – HIV and AIDS
-Zoonotic diseases: caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi passed to humans from
non-human animals
-Include: HIV, SARS, EBOLA, WINE FLU, RABIS, BIRD FLU (H5N1)
oSource: blood, meat, organs, aerosolized from urine/feces
Can evolution help us understand and fight AIDS?
-HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus
-AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (caused by HIV)
-Causes a collapse of the immune system people die from opportunistic infections
-treatments available to prevent onset of AIDS
-HIV positive individuals can live long lives with medication
oMany side-effects
oNot always effective
oRequires life-long medication
-35m infected, 40m dead accounts for 4.9% of all deaths worldwide and is most common
in Africa
BIOLOGY OF HIV
-a retrovirus
RNA
-has things called
epitopes: viral
proteins,
displayed on the
surface of the
virion/infected
cell
ogp120
ogp41
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-Process: at the
ECF stage, it’s a
virion gp120
binds to helper T-
cells when there are
both the receptors
CCR-5 co-
receptor and the
CD4 protein on the
cell membrane
HIV then dumps
its RNA/proteins
into the host cell
reverse
transcriptase
converts the RNA
to DNA HIV
uses the cell
machinery to
proliferate
NEW VIRIONS
1.Infect other cells in the same host
2.Are passed to new hosts via body fluids (eg. Oral/anal/vaginal sex, intravenous drug use,
childbirth, breast feeding)
-2 levels of selections that affect HIV evolution
o1. Selection inside the body of each host (rapid replication is favored)
o2. Selection across the population of hosts (maximum spread among hosts
favored it favors the HIV that are able to move from one host to another; even
if it did well in one body, if it can’t do well in another’s, then it will be
underrepresented)
HOW DOES IT MAKE YOU SICK?
-HIV infected cells w/ CD-4 surface proteins and CCR receptors (most strains) they
infect T-cells and macrophages
oProblem: Immune system functions to recognize foreign proteins (1) helps
activate killer T-cells and (2) triggers antibody formation
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Zoonotic diseases: caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi passed to humans from non-human animals. Include: hiv, sars, ebola, wine flu, rabis, bird flu (h5n1: source: blood, meat, organs, aerosolized from urine/feces. Aids: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (caused by hiv) Causes a collapse of the immune system people die from opportunistic infections. Treatments available to prevent onset of aids. Hiv positive individuals can live long lives with medication: many side-effects, not always effective, requires life-long medication. 35m infected, 40m dead (cid:0) accounts for 4. 9% of all deaths worldwide and is most common in africa. Has things called epitopes: viral proteins, displayed on the surface of the virion/infected cell: gp120, gp41. Ecf stage, it"s a virion (cid:0) gp120 binds to helper t- cells when there are both the receptors. Hiv then dumps its rna/proteins into the host cell (cid:0) reverse transcriptase converts the rna to dna (cid:0) uses the cell machinery to.
