BIOB33H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Shock Absorber, Fetus, Metacarpal Bones

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5 Jul 2018

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Lecture 5

The Skeletal System: Axial & Appendicular Divisions

(based on chapters 6, 7 and 8)

Skeletal System: Introduction

•The skeleton is divided into 2 portions:

the axial skeleton and the

appendicular skeleton

o It is a rigid framework of 206 bones ,

muscles and organs are attached by

tendons and

ligaments

o Bones act as levers (with joints acting

as pivots) when muscles contract and

move body

The Axial Skeleton: - composed of bones along the

central axis of the body – 80 bones

Essentially from the head to the tail

•Divided into three

regions:

← o Skull

(cranium, face)

o Vertebral column

o Thoracic cage

(ribs [directly attach

to the vertebral

column in the back],

sternum; joined

together by

cartilage)

•Functions of the axial skeleton:

o Framework that supports and

protects organs in the dorsal and

ventral body cavities o Protects

special sense organs for taste,

smell, hearing, balance, and

vision

o Attachment sites for muscles

that:

o Adjust the posture of the head,

neck, and trunk

o Move the thoracic cage for

respiration

o Stabilize the appendicular

skeleton

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The Skull and Associated Bones

•Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (most bones

fuse during puberty)

•The skull consists of

oFace: 14 individual bones

oCranium: 8 individual bones

oAssociated bones: 7 individual bones (auditory

ossicles – 3 per ear and hyoid bone)

•Cranial bones – form cranium, encase and protect brain (8

bones)

oFrontal bone – (1) forehead, roof of orbits

oParietal bones – (2) either side of the top of head

oTemporal bones - (2) temples on either side of the head, protect sense organs of ear,

extensive area for attachment of

muscles that close the jaw and

move the head (help attach the

jaw; different muscle help bring

jaw down while others bring it

back up; takes many fewer

muscles to open the jaw, takes

many more and stronger

muscles to bring it down esp. for

chewing)

oOccipital bone – (1) back of head,

foramen (opening) magnum

connects cranial cavity with spinal cavity

oSphenoid bone – (1) butterfly shaped, keystone

of skull (connects facial bone to bones of the

cranium), unites cranial and facial bones and base

of cranium

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oEthmoid bone – (1) between obits/walls, floor of cranium, part of nasal cavity and nasal

septum, part of nasal conchae (air bounces through the conchae; gets turbulent, gets

warmed by the body temp.; things in it will

stick to the mucousy sides) involved with

movement of air through sinouses

 3 diff. conchae in

sinus; have superior and

middle spinal conchae

found in the ethmoid

bone; the inferior is a

bone itself

•Facial bones – form bone framework of oral cavity and jaw (14 bones)

oNasal bones - (2) base of nose, cartilage forms the flexible portion (bone is just the small

nasal bones at the base

oLacrimal bones – (2) (lacrima

=tear), encloses tear duct and

drains tears into nasal cavity

oVomer - (1) means plowshare

(looks like part of a plow from the

front), inferior part of

nasal septum (sep.the 2 diff.

sinuses; from the side looks like a

long, flat plate)

oMaxilla – (2) the largest of the

facial bones, together form the

upper jaw, articulate with all other

facial bones except mandible, oral

margins form the alveolar

processes that contain the upper

teeth (the ones where our upper

teeth are attached to, part of

upper jaa, articulate with all bones

except the mandible)

oMandible – (1) forms the entire

lower jaw, teeth are supported by

the mandibular body,

articulates with the temporal bone

(tempomandibular joint) for jaw movements

when talking or eating, high mobility but

makes it easy to dislocate the jaw

oZygomatic bones – (2) cheek bones (also

protect eyes, from outside of the ey socket,

and protect ears a little bit)

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Document Summary

Lecture 5 (based on chapters 6, 7 and 8) The skeleton is divided into 2 portions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton o. It is a rigid framework of 206 bones , muscles and organs are attached by tendons and ligaments: bones act as levers (with joints acting as pivots) when muscles contract and move body. The axial skeleton: - composed of bones along the central axis of the body 80 bones. O skull (cranium, face: vertebral column, thoracic cage (ribs [directly attach to the vertebral column in the back], sternum; joined together by cartilage) Cranial and facial subdivisions of the skull (most bones fuse during puberty) The skull consists of: face: 14 individual bones, cranium: 8 individual bones, associated bones: 7 individual bones (auditory ossicles 3 per ear and hyoid bone) Cranial bones form cranium, encase and protect brain (8 bones) ; things in it will stick to the mucousy sides) involved with movement of air through sinouses.

Related Questions

1. Consider the following eight statements about vertebrae. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? Choose all four correct answers.

(a) In Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and some Amphibia (and one unusual taxon of Lepidosauria), the vertebrae have centra which surround the notochord.

(b) Some vertebrae have processes such as spines that function as sites for muscle attachment.

(d) In tetrapods, the vertebrae have processes called zygapophyses that function as specialized sites for articulation with the ribs.

(e) Vertebrae arise from sclerotome epimere mesoderm.

(f) All extant vertebrate taxa have vertebrae.

(g) Some vertebrae have hemal arches which protect blood vessels (such as the dorsal aorta).

(h) Vertebrae have neural arches which protect the notochord.

2. While walking through the halls of the Biosciences building, you find a single vertebra lying on the floor. You notice that it does not have zygapophyses. It has an amphicoelous centrum, and it has both a neural arch and a hemal arch. This vertebra is completely ossified. Identify to which vertebrate taxon this vertebra belongs, and to which region of the vertebral column.

(a) caudal region - Petromyzontida

(b) thoracic region - Aves

(d) trunk region - Actinopterygii

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) caudal region - Amphibia

(g) caudal region - Chondrichthyes

3. You are doing a study on the diet of polar bears. While examining the scat (droppings) of a large polar bear, you find a single vertebrae. You need to identify this vertebra to determine what this polar bear has been eating. Polar bears are known to eat mammals, birds, and some fish (Actinopterygii). This vertebra has a heterocoelous centra and it has no articulation sites for ribs. It also has an odontoid process. To which of these three vertebrate taxa, and to which region of the vertebral column does this vertebra belong?

(a) synsacral region - Aves

(b) cervical region - Mammalia

(d) cervical region - Aves

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) thoracic region - Mammalia

4. Which four of the following eight statements about the skeleton are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) Bone is a tissue that is able to withstand large tensile forces but not large compressive forces.

(b) An important role of the vertebral column in actinopterygii and chondrichthyes is to support the body weight.

(c) in amniotes, the ribs consist of two parts, a costal rib (which articulates with a thoracic vertebra) and a sternal rib (which articulates with the sternum). The mobile joints between the costal and sternal rib, as well as between the costal rib and the vertebra and between the sternal rib and the sternum, make the ribcage flexible such that it can expand during breathing.

(d) A vertebral column with procoelous centra would have a greater range of mobility than a vertebral column with acoelous centra.

(e) In all extant vertebrate taxa, the vertebral column provides axial structural support, as well as support for locomotion.

(f) In many mammals, ligaments and muscles attaching to the neural spines of vertebrae help to stabilize the vertebral column and pull it into a stable arch, which helps to efficiently bridge the body weight to the legs.

(g) In tetrapods, the pectoral girdle is firmly fused to the vertebral column to allow for efficient transfer of locomotive forces from the forelimbs to the axial skeleton.

(h) In chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, and some tetrapods, the vertebral column acts as a firm but flexible rod on which muscles pull to produce lateral undulations of the body for locomotion.

5. Consider the following eight statements about the form and function of the appendicular skeleton. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) In sharks (Chondrichthyes), the pectoral and pelvic fins are mainly used for propulsion - to propel the body forward through the water.

(b) The tips of fins are supported by fin rays, thin rods which support a webbing of skin (and sometimes also connective tissue) - this increases the surface area of the fin

(c) The fleshy fins of sarcopterygii are not very maneuverable, and are used only to stabilize the body by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw when swimming rapidly.

(d) In both actinopterygii and chondrichthyes, the pectoral girdle attaches directly to the back of the skull while the pelvic girdle is embedded in the muscle of the body wall.

(e) In both sharks (Chondrichthyes) and actinopterygii, the pectoral and pelvic fins provide stability while swimming by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw.

(f) In male chondrichthyes, the pelvic fins have special extensions called claspers that are used to transfer sperm to females during copulation for internal fertilization.

(g) Petromyzontida and myxinoidea have paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are used to provide stability while swimming, as well as for steering.

(h) The main functions of girdles are to provide attachment sites for the muscles of the appendages (paired fins or limbs) and to stabilize the appendages.

6. Consider the following statements related to the appendicular skeleton and terrestrial locomotion of tetrapods. Which three of the following six statements are CORRECT? (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) In tetrapods with erect limb posture, the limbs are positioned directly under the body, while in tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the limbs are positioned to the sides of the body.

(b) In terrestrial tetrapods, the distal ends of the humerus and femur are rotated such that the digits are oriented in line with the direction of travel, increasing both tractive and propulsive forces during terrestrial locomotion.

(c) Tetrapods with digitigrade foot posture have relatively longer limbs than tetrapods with plantigrade foot posture, such that they have a greater stride length.

(d) When terrestrial tetrapods are walking or running, the recovery stroke of the limbs involves the limb touching the ground while the propulsive stroke of the limbs involves the limb being lifted and moving from posterior to anterior.

(e) In tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the dorsal elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the scapula) are much larger than the ventral elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the clavicle and corocoid).

(f) When walking or running, tetrapods with erect limb posture use an overarm swing for the recovery stroke, which is relatively slow.

7. You are walking along the beach and find a skeleton in the sand. You notice that the pelvic girdle is not fused to the vertebral column while the pectoral girdle is fused to the skull. The distal ends of the appendages have fin rays. It appears that all muscles controlling the appendages were located within the body wall, not within the appendages. To which vertebrate taxon does this skeleton belong?

(a) Sarcopterygii

(b) Lepidosauria

(d) Amphibia

(e) Actinopterygii

(f) Petromyzontida

8. Your neighbour finds a skeleton while cleaning out the pond in her backyard, and she asks you to identify it. You notice that the vertebrae have zygapophyses and that the centra of the vertebrae are procoelous. The ribs are quite short, and articulate with the vertebrae but not with the sternum. The pelvic and pectoral girdles appear robust and highly ossified, and the pectoral girdle has enlarged ventral elements but relatively small dorsal elements. The appendages each have five digits. Identify this skeleton for your neighbour, and describe to her as much as you can about its style of locomotion, based on this information about its axial and appendicular skeleton. (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) This skeleton is most likely from an amphibian.

(b) This skeleton is most likely from a sarcopterygian.

(d) This animal most likely had sprawled limb posture.

(e) This animal most likely could not support its own body weight using its appendages, and so would not have been capable of terrestrial locomotion.

(f) This animal probably walked with lateral undulations of the body, using the feet as pivot points.

(g) This animal most likely walked with a recovery stroke that used an energetically efficient pendulum-like swing.

(h) This skeleton is most likely from a crocodilian (Archosauria).

[email protected]

Tue 9/19/2017 4:17 PM

To:

[email protected];

Here is the exam review for our next major lecture exam which will be on Monday. Notice that there are a few things missing, such as endochondral ossification. These will be added so just because it does not show up on this exam review doesn't mean you shouldn't study it. That being said, the details of each and every bone which I've gone over in lecture will be on the lab practical rather than the written lecture exam.

Anat 1, Exam 2. Spr 2016 LASC Name:____________________________________________________

1) A synarthrosis: a) is filled with synovial fluid. b) allow for a wide range of movement. c) includes the squamosal suture. d) is exemplified by the shoulder. e) all of the above.

2) Bursae: a) are located in the right atrium. b) are like elastomeric shock absorbers. c) are found in skeletal muscle fibers. d) form the sarcoplasmic reticulum. e) none of the above.

3) Irregular bones: a) can act like cams. b) can provide sites for muscle attachment. c) can protect soft-tissue organs. d) can act as levers. e) all of the above.

4) Condyles: a) are smooth articular surfaces. b) allow blood vessels to enter the bones. c) occur beneath the nail body after an injury. d) are produced by infected sebaceous glands. e) none of the above.

5) A head: a) is where you will find hyaline cartilage. b) is a smooth articular surface. c) is where a bone meshes with another bone. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

6) Which of the following is the proper sequence of things following a bone fracture: a) hematoma, fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling. b) hematoma, bony callus, fibrous callus, remodeling. c) hematoma, remodeling, fibrous callus, bony callus. d) hematoma, remodeling, bony callus, fibrous callus. e) fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling, hematoma.

7) A diaphysis: a) contains yellow bone marrow. b) contain a lot of spongy bone tissue. c) occurs at the ends of long bones. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

8) Short bones: a) protect underlying soft tissue organs. b) include the ribs. c) include the cranial bones of the skull. d) transfer mechanical forces. e) all of the above.

9) Fibrous joints: a) contain cruciate ligaments. b) include the pubic symphysis. c) are typically found in third class levering systems. d) include the lambdoid suture. e) all of the above.

10) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) tibiofibular joint. b) dentino-alveolar joint.
c) intervertebral disc. d) radioulnar articulation. e) cartilage.

11) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) atlanto-occipital joint. b) humero-ulnar joint. c) frontal suture d) acromio-humeral joint. e) tibiotarsal joint.

12) Hyaluronic acid: a) forms the extracellular matrix. b) is found in fibrous joints. c) keeps cartilage soft and pliable. d) is found in synostoses. e) none of the above.

13) First class levers: a) include the tibio-tarsal joint. b) have the effort between the fulcrum and the load. c) are like a teeter-totter. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

14) Synchondroses: a) are typically synovial joints. b) allow for very limited movement. c) include sutures and gomphoses. d) are encased in synovial capsules. e) none of the above.

15) Parallel muscles: a) have long excursions. b) include the abdominal muscles. c) have excellent endurance. d) have low strength. e) all of the above.

16) Sphincteral muscles: a) enclose openings or passageways. b) are used when you talk.
c) surround the eyes. d) include the orbicularis oculi. e) all of the above.

17) Pennate muscle architecture: a) is typified by the pectoralis major. b) have high endurance.
c) generates high strength. d) has a longer excursion. e) all of the above

18) Endomysium: a) consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. b) surrounds each fasciculus.
c) surrounds bundles of muscle cells. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

19) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

20) A tuberosity: a) is a hollow opening. b) is a shallow smooth articular surface. c) is a raised area that adjoins a condyle. d) is a larger outwardly curved articular surface. e) is a raised, rough-textured area.

21) Which of these doesnât belong? a) tuberosity b) trochanter c) condyle d) tubercle e) lunula

22) Epimysium: a) wraps around the entire muscle. b) is made of dense fibrous connective tissue. c) is continuous with tendons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

23) Which of the following is more likely to be an insertion rather than an origin? a) ulna.
b) cervical vertebra. c) thoracic vertebra. d) rib. e) Ischium.

24) Which of the following is more likely to be an origin rather than an insertion? a) clavicle.
b) tibia. c) radius. d) ulna. e) metatarsal.

25) Myofibrils: a) are composed of many muscle fibers. b) are composed of many muscle cells.
c) are composed of many sarcomeres. d) form the endomysium. e) all of the above.

26) Myosin: a) helps keep muscle cells from overstretching. b) is a protein. c) joins thin filaments together. d) forms part of the z-disc. e) all of the above.

27) Sarcolemma: a) surrounds the entire muscle organ. b) surrounds the endomysium.
c) is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. d) surrounds the epimysium. e) none of the above.

28) Thin filaments: a) are made of titin. b) are pulled on by the thick filaments during contraction.
c) create the molecular âpower-strokeâ. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

29) A second class lever: a) is like a wheel barrow. b) is like a teeter-totter. c) describes the humeroulnar joint. d) describes the atlanto-occipital joint. e) none of the above.

30) A sarcomere: a) is the basic unit of muscle function. b) is made mostly of proteins. c) shortens during a contraction. d) delivers an âall or noneâ response. e) all of the above.

31) Fast glycolytic fibers: a) have excellent endurance. b) deliver lots of power.
c) are more reddish in color than oxidative fibers. d) none of the above. e) all of the above.

32) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Vastus lateralus. b) Vastus intermedius. c) Vastus medialis. d) Rectus Femoris. e) Gluteus minimus.

33) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Teres major. b) Teres minor. c) subscapularis.
d) infraspinatus. e) supraspinatus.

34) Tendon sheaths: a) are filled with synovial fluid. b) can be likened to brake and shifter cable sheathing on a bike. c) are found around the carpal bones. d) really make life unpleasant if they get inflamed. e) all of the above.

35) Epithelial tissues: a) function in movement. b) conduct electrical impulses. c) form a structure for attachment of other organs. d) form barriers and walls. e) all of the above.

36) Elastic connective tissue: a) is found in bone. b) lines the inside of the trachea. c)Is found in small blood vessels like capillaries. d) is found in large arteries. e) all of the above.

37) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

38) Dense regular connective tissue: a) is poorly vascularized. b) heals slowly if at all. c) forms tendons and ligaments. d) can look a lot like smooth muscle under the microscope. e) all of the above.

39) Transitional epithelium: a) lines the urinary bladder. b) lines the blood vessels. c) contains cilia. d) joins the epidermis to the dermis. e) none of the above.

40) Skeletal muscle: a) responds to conscious thought. b) is found in the heart. c) is found in the walls of blood vessels and the GI tract. d) is composed of very small cells. e) all of the above.

For the following matching questions, each choice is used only once.

41) Fibroblast a) maintains bone tissue
42) Mast Cell b) secretes mucus
43) Chondrocyte c) responsible for inflammation response
44) Osteocyte d) makes collagen fibers
45) Goblet Cell e) maintains cartilage

For the following true-false questions, mark âAâ for true and âBâ for false.

46) Simple cuboidal epithelium is lines the trachea and Fallopian tubes/oviducts.
47) Elastic cartilage joins the ribs to the sternum.
48) An insertion is the more movable point of muscle attachment.
49) Tendons connect muscle to muscle or bone to bone.
50) Ligaments connect muscle to bone.
51) Transverse tubules allow nutrients to be dispersed throughout very large muscle cells.
52) Muscle twitch occurs when only a few muscle cells in the entire muscle are fully contracted.
53) Slow oxidative fibers have poor strength but excellent endurance.
54) Muscles can lengthen under their own power as well as contract.
55) Pottâs fracture is typical of skateboarders.
56) An incomplete fracture is a complete break through the entire bone.
57) Tetanus is the recruitment of additional fibers during muscle contraction.
58) Menisci are like elastomeric shock absorbers.
59) Diarthrotic joints allow for little to no movement.
60) A belly is the contractile portion of a muscle.
61) Synergistic muscles work with each other.
62) Muscle tissue, like your lab instructorâs evil twin before his morning coffee, is irritable.

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BIOB33H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Shock Absorber, Fetus, Metacarpal Bones

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