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BIOA02H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Rate Equation, Parental Investment, Carrying Capacity

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ochredeer638
28 Apr 2021
School
UTSC
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOA02H3
Professor
Rachel Sturge

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BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes
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BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

Part 2 population growth & age structure. Leaning objectives: define all of the terms that are red in this lecture. Use all red equations to answer questions: describe how births, deaths, emigration and immigration can influence the size of a population, calculate population size using exponential growth rate equation. Define population growth rate and describe the effect r on growth rate: differentiate between exponential and logistic growth. Explain what happens to population growth rate as population size approaches carrying capacity: explain the relationship between age structure to potential population. Describe the three types of survivorship curves and, from a given example, identify which curve a species is following: explain the tradeoff within life history traits and describe patterns that were covered in lecture. Differentiate between r and k species and explain how these species differ with respect to how they invest their energy. Population growth rate: change in the number of individuals ( n) over time ( t)

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Related Questions

Populations (Ecology)

•What’s the difference between a cohort and static life table and what are the difficulties with each? Be able to interpret data in a life table.

• Be able to draw or interpret survivorship curves for different populations. What are the differences between the three types?

• Why does population age structure matter?

• What happened to Pablo Escobar’s hippos? What are some possible consequences? What might happen in the future?

• What are exponential and geometric growth?

• Be able to graph population size over time for a given growth rate (like figure 10.11).

• What’s the difference between density dependent and density independent factors to limit growth? Give examples. Which one regulates population size? Why?

• What is logistic growth? Explain how the growth rate changes at different population sizes. Be able to compare logistic and exponential growth.

• What are the four factors that affect population size over time?

• What are population cycles? What are some of the factors that drive them?

• What is delayed density dependence and why does delayed density dependence cause populations to fluctuate? What factors affect these fluctuations? Be able to draw typical population fluctuation figures like fig. 11.10.

• What’s the difference between stabilizing and destabilizing feedbacks? How do delayed feedbacks affect a stabilizing feedback?

• How does population size affect the likelihood of extinction?

• What is the Allee effect? How does it affect growth rate at different population densities? Draw a figure illustrating this.

PLEASE ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH FORM CORRECTLY. I appreciate it.

1. A) Describe what SexualSelection is and B) explain how it differs fromNatural Selection

2. Research a behavior in an animal andA) explain the ultimate causes of that behaviorand B) list the proximate causes of it.

3. “The southern gastric broodingfrog was discovered in 1972 and properly described in 1981. Intenseinterest followed and in the same year it had disappeared in thewild, shortly followed by the last captive specimen's death in1983. The interest was primarily due to the frog's unusualreproductive method. The female swallows her eggs and turns herstomach into a womb, vomiting up her young when they are grown. Theloss of her stomach means she doesn't eat while they develop, andher new womb bloats so much it causes her lungs to collapse(meaning she has to breathe through her skin). On the other handanother species of frog, the Túngara frog, lay their eggs in a pondand leaves them to develop on their own without any parental care”(www.facebook.com/evolutionarybiology - like). A)Compare the gastric brooding frog and the Túngara in terms of howthey balance the trade-off of quality vs. quantity of offspring(are they each K-selected or r-selected?). B) Whatother life-history traits (include: life span, number of offspringproduced, age at reproduction, reproductive events per lifetime) doyou expect to find differences between gastric brooding frog or theTúngara frog? Explain.

4. A) Explain why one can argue that humanswere K-selected species before the industrial revolution and now inmodern times see to be r-selected (in your explanation include theterms: carrying capacity, rate of population growth).B) However, in developed countries, the number ofoffspring produced per couple is decreasing every year, the age offirst time mothers in increasing (they are older when they havetheir first baby) and the cost of investment per offspring isincreasing (for example college tuition!). Explain what effectwould that have in the model of population growth in developedcountries (do you expect them to be more K-selected or r-selected?)Make sure to support your argument. C)Can human population increase forever? (use the terms: carryingcapacity, population growth, density-dependent anddensity-independent factors).

5. Study the figure below (published in Kwanoet al. 2002). The x-axis of the figure shows different locations atdifferent altitudes, with altitude decreasing from left to right(W. Java has the highest altitude, W. Mindanao has the lowest). They-axis represents the range of body length for beetles found ateach location. Two species of closely related rhinoceros beetlesinhabit Southeast Asia: Chalcosoma caucasus andChalcosoma atlas. One species, C. atlas (whiteboxes in the figure), is more common in low altitude, while C.caucasus (filled boxes in the figure) is more common in higheraltitudes. However, they overlap at intermediate altitude (fromLampung to E. Thailand). The graph shows the body length of eachspecies in allopatric and sympatric locations. What ecologicalphenomenon can explain the differences between the allopatric (whenonly one species lives in that location) and sympatric (when bothspecies live in the same location) populations? Please explain yourargument, you MUST include the terms: competition, competitiveexclusion, realized niche, fundamental niche, resource-partitioning& character displacement).

Are most invasive (exotic) species K-selected or r-selectedspecies? Explain your choice and why that makes sense in terms oftheir ecological success.

Briefly define a community and an ecosystem and describe how thetwo are interrelated.

Which of the following levels of organization are in order, fromsimplest to most complex.
a. population, organism, community, ecosystem
b. community, ecosystem, population,organism
c. organism, community, population, ecosystem
d. population, ecosystem, organism, community
e. organism, population, community, ecosystem

Mosses growing on bare rock will eventuallyhelp to create soil. These mosses are involved in ___succession.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary

If a farmer sprays a pesticide onto a field and kills half ofthe insect pests, he has caused a reduction in________.
a. field capacity
b. carrying capacity
c. population size
d. More than one of the above

What type of survivorship curve would you expect for a plantspecies in which only a few seeds are produced and most of thesesurvive to produce adult plants?
a. type I
b. type II
c. type III

An ecological niche is an organism's_______ in anecosystem.
a. location
b. habitat
c. resources
d. function

No matter how rapidly populations grow, they eventually reach alimit and begin to stabilize. This is called the______________.

Unicellular algae live in the tissues of coral animals. Thealgae provide food for the coral, while the coral provides a stablehome for the algae. This is an example of
a. Parasitism
b. Commensalism
c. Mutualism

The vast majority of energy taken into an ecosystemis____________.
a. converted into biomass by plants.
b. utilized by secondary consumers.
c. lost as heat.
d. used by the primary consumers.
e. concentrated in the decomposers.

A farmer is using an insecticide to treat his crops. While mostinsects do not survive their first exposure to the insecticide somehave a gene that enables them to survive. When these survivorsreproduce they will likely pass along this resistance to theiroffspring. This results in an increase in numbers of the insectsover time. Which of the following processes applies to thissurvival?
a. cloning
b. mutation
c. natural selection
d. genetic engineering

What is the ecological relationship between insects andcrops?
a. mutualism
b. competition
c. predation

Sea anemones growing on the backs of crabs without damaging thecrabs are an example of
a. Parasitism
b. Commensalism
c. Mutualism

Which of these is a population density-independent regulatingfactor?
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Size of population
d. Weather
e. Resource availability

Producers are_________.
a. Autotrophs
b. Herbivores
c. Omnivores
d. Carnivores

If biological magnification occurs, the ___ will have thehighest levels of toxins in their systems.
a. producers
b. herbivores
c. primary carnivores
d. top carnivores

Given the amount of sunlight that hits the plants on our planet,and the ability of plants for rapid growth and reproduction, howcome we aren’t all hip deep in dead plants?