PSY100Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Social Learning Theory, Oral Stage, Neuroticism
Personality – Study of traits, behaviours that results from predisposition to act and react to
circumstances
∫ Personality Research
• Enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation, and behaviour that are
expressed in different circumstances
• Aim is to
• Construct general theories of personality
▪ Profiling, prediction, understanding of people
• Assess individual differences in personality
• All humans have 5 basic traits
∫ Psychodynamic views of personality
• Freud used anecdotal evidence to understand processes of brain
• Smallest part of awareness – conscious
• Largest part of awareness - unconscious
• Topographical model: 3 levels of consciousness
• ID – pleasure seeking, desires, selfish, self-centred, riddance of
discomfort, unconsciousness
• Ego – sense of self, reality principle, awareness, Id uses ego to
facilitate wants and needs, consciousness
• Superego – morality principle, unconsciousness
∫ Freud’s Developmental Model
• Human behaviour motivated by two drives
• Aggressive
• Sexual
▪ Libido – pleasure-seeking and sensuality as well as desire for
intercourse
• Libido follows developmental course during childhood
▪ Fixed progression of change from stage to stage – trapping
libido energy
▪ Notion of fixation at particular libidinal stage
∫ Freud’s Psychosexual stages
• Oral [0-18] months – Dependency ~ breastfeeding, soother [pacifier], bottle
• Oral retentive – not enough gratification in oral stage
• Over gratified – too much oral stage, fixated on oral related habits
• 2-3 yrs. – Orderliness, cleanliness
• Influence causes need for orderliness and obsession with neatness
• Influence causes laziness, lack of order, procrastination
• Phallic 4-6yrs. – Parental identification, Oedipal complex, penis envy,
castration complex
• Repression of complex overtime
• Latency 7-11 yrs. – Sublimation of sexual and aggressive urges
• Genital 12+ yrs. – Mature sexuality and relationships
▪ Circular reasoning on theory about psychosexual stages
∫ Ego defense mechanisms
• Unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person from
anxiety
• Repression – anxiety-evoking thoughts kept unconscious
• Denial – person refuses to recognizes reality
▪ No access; overwhelming, fight off thoughts, deny consequences
of bad behaviour
• Projection – person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to
others
▪ Project on others issues we don’t want to deal with ourselves
▪ Talk about things difficult for us; ex. Talking about yourself like it
were someone else
• Reaction formation – person converts an unacceptable impulse into
opposite impulse
▪ Changing impulses from negative to positive & vice versa
• Sublimation - person converts an unacceptable impulse into a socially
acceptable activity
▪ Changing negative impulses into beneficial or more productive
activities
• Rationalization – person explains away their actions to reduce anxiety
▪ Justify what is wrong to make it okay
• Displacement – diverting emotional feelings from original source to
substitute target
▪ Displace feelings unto other targets
∫ Psychoanalytic theorists
• Jung; symbolism,
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