POL218Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Electoral Fraud, Indirect Rule, Clientelism
23 Mar 2017
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Lecture 17 february 1, 2017 sub-saharan africa. Pre-european domination: powerful civilizations: kingdoms and empires, small tribes, enormous diversity, existing slave trade. European inroads: pre-19th (cid:272)e(cid:374)tu(cid:396)(cid:455), s(cid:373)all a(cid:396)eas a(cid:396)ou(cid:374)d af(cid:396)i(cid:272)a"s (cid:272)oasts, centred around slave trade, the (cid:862)da(cid:396)k co(cid:374)ti(cid:374)e(cid:374)t(cid:863, by 1870, only 10% pf africa under direct european control. The scramble for africa: 1870-1900, european powers compete to control the continent, by 1900, europeans control approximately 90% of the continent. Justifications: civilization, christianity, etc: natural resources (minerals, crops, markets for finished goods, spheres of influence. Infrastructure built around extraction: arbitrary borders, extractive economies, little european settlement (exception: southern africa, pitting ethnic groups against one another. Decolonization: most in 1950s 1960s, anti-colonial sentiment, idea of self-determination, uti possidetis: colonial administrative borders became new state borders, very few alterations since, ethiopia/ eritrea split, recent sudan/ south sudan split, many unsuccessful secession attempts. What makes sub-saharan africa a region: northern africa (egypt, the maghreb) has more in common with the middle east (arab,
