PSY 2114 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Intracranial Pressure, Childhood Obesity, Leg Before Wicket
16 Nov 2016
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PSY2114 – Lecture 7 (November 2nd)
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Development of Middle Childhood
Physical:
• Childhood obesity
o Overweight – above 1SD for appropriate age group
o Obese – above 2SD for appropriate age group
o Occurs mostly in developed countries but we are seeing a higher incidence recently in developing
countries as well
o Canada – has increased by 5% in the last decade or so
o Short term risks
▪ Blount’s disease – bowing of the legs caused almost exclusively by obesity
▪ Asthma
▪ Sleep apnea
▪ Increased intracranial pressure – causes headache, dizziness, blurred vision, etc.
• Caused by increase abdo pressure leading to increase CV pressure and therefore
increase head pressure
▪ Gallstones – cholesterol build up
▪ Hepatitis – fatty liver
▪ Type II Diabetes/insulin resistance pre-diabetes
▪ Menstrual abnormalities – commonly get period early (before age 10) but also possible to
get it later or never get it
o Long term risks – idea is that the body has to deal with a lot of extra tissue and weight which
wears the body down more and more susceptible to disease
▪ Premature death
▪ Noncommunicable disease (diabetes)
▪ Heart disease
▪ Stroke
▪ Osteoarthritis
▪ Cancer
o Social risks
▪ Teasing, discrimination, unpopular, stereotypes (lazy, clumsy, awkward, ugly)
▪ Major problems with body image (esp. girls)
▪ Poorer academics, less likely to go to university, lower salaries
▪ Long term problems are the impact of a decreased self-concept, confidence, etc.
o Fear of fatness
▪ 5 year olds fear gaining weight
▪ children grades 1-3 → 50% would like to be thinner
▪ girls grade 3 → 50% have dieted (**note: dieters have 3X risk of developing an eating
disorder)
▪ teen girls → 70% have tried to lose weight
o influences include…media, portion size, over consumption of sweets, less physical activity, more
eating out, community, increased screen time, urbanization
• video notes
o LBW babies have HUGE appetite b/c they were starved in womb and due to centuries of famine
o Human evolution makes us save every piece of energy and eat as much as possible because it
expects famine
o There is a chemical signal in fat to tell the brain how much fat there is and therefore how much
energy the body needs to save
o Longitudinal study – 2nd highest predictor of childhood obesity is where they live (what sort of
community)
o Direct correlation between poverty and childhood obesity (in developed countries)
o Average income of a neighborhood is a better predictor than the individual family income
o Boys who are ESL are 3X more likely to be overweight
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Cognitive: concrete operations (7-11, able to think in more complex ways (ex. Conservation, classification, logical reasoning: child masters different forms of conservation. # is achieved 1st but later comes length/mass/volume: decentration and reversibility are overcome to facilitate understanding of conservation categorization hierarchy of classes/class inclusion/sorting seriation ability to order things on numerical continuum ex. Social: peer relationships, become increasingly important in middle childhood starting from 7-9 years, seek to be included, avoid rejection, and expect proper behaviour from friends (ex. Indirect (covert) aggression: girls mostly, spreading rumors, excluding, bullying is very prevalent 20% are bullies, 25% are bullied, 5% are both, bullying goes beyond the victim and the bully , the bullying circle. Involves followers, supporters, passive supporters, disengaged onlookers, possible defenders, defenders. Troublesome home life parents may lack warmth, inconsistent, use physical discipline, domestic violence. At risk: learning disabilities, adhd, chronic diseases, disabilities, obese, Psychological effects include anxiety, low self- esteem, suicide.
